Ice Nucleation,Propagation, and Deep Supercooling in Woody Plants

Summary

The response of woody plants to freezing temperatures is complex. Species vary greatly in their ability to survive freezing temperatures and the resulting dehydrative and mechanical stresses that occur as a result from the presence of ice. Initially, this is presented by the ability to inhibit the formation of ice (ice nucleation) by supercooling. Significant questions exist about the role of internal and external ice nucleating agents in determining the extent to which any particular plant can supercool. Additionally, little is known about how plant structure can affect ice nucleation and propagation. In this review, the ability of high-resolution infrared thermography to reveal significant details about the freezing process is demonstrated. In general, the presence of effective, intrinsic nucleators appear to be common in woody plants. The nucleators appear to be as effective as external ice nucleators and induce stems to freeze at warm, subzero temperatures. Barriers appear to exist, however, that prevent ice propagation into lateral appendages such as buds, or newly extended primary tissues. Deep supercooling represents a unique adaptation of woody plants to avoid freezing injury by dramatically suppressing ice formation in specific tissues. The extent of suppression is limited by the homogeneous nucleation temperature of water (-38°C) and therefore deep supercooling is characteristic of moderately hardy woody plants. In contrast, it has been proposed that the most cold-hardy woody plants have the ability to form glassed solutions. These solutions are very stable as long as the cell remains below the melting temperature of the glass and so allows tissues to become relatively impervious to the stresses associated with extremely low temperatures.     

基于弹性薄层接触模型研究衬砌渠道双膜防冻胀布设

渠道衬砌下双膜防渗层可解除渠基土冻结力,释放衬砌结构位移以适应不均匀冻胀,但会影响衬砌结构的刚度与稳定性。为研究最佳双膜防渗层布设形式及其适应性,考虑双膜防渗层接触本构及衬砌结构与渠基土的相互作用,依据基土水热力三场耦合理论建立了寒区衬砌渠道的冻胀模型,通过数值模拟仿真分析了不同断面及不同双膜防渗层布设形式的弧底梯形渠道衬砌的冻胀受力与变位。结果表明:宽浅断面渠道采用双膜衬砌结构时,膜间摩擦力过小造成刚度和稳定性严重降低以及衬砌拉应力增加。适当的膜间摩擦力可以解除部分冻结约束,调整局部不均匀冻胀,而且发挥弧底反拱作用不产生拉应力。采用PE膜与无纺布作为层间接触的双膜衬砌结构,冻胀位移方差减小25%,同时整体位移增加不超过0.2 cm,削减冻胀应力50%以上。在不显著降低结构整体稳定性前提下,其整体刚度和结构强度提高程度最大,故同时适用于窄深渠道和宽浅渠道。研究为寒区衬砌渠道中双膜防渗层的合理布设提供科学依据。     

空气湿度对富士系苹果花过冷却点的影响

【目的】明确不同湿度条件下富士系苹果花过冷却点的分布频率,为苹果霜冻监测和预测提供参考。【方法】以中国种植最广泛的富士系苹果为研究对象,使用人工霜冻试验箱控制温湿度,模拟霜冻降温过程,设置高、中、低3个湿度范围,对富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点进行监测,研究环境相对湿度对富士系苹果花器官过冷却点的影响。【结果】富士系苹果花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点在-6.4^-1.9 ℃,50%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-3.5 ℃,80%的过冷却点集中在-4.4^-2.5 ℃,平均过冷却点为-3.7 ℃。苹果花蕾和花朵子房的累积冻害率达到30%(轻度)的温度为-3.2 ℃,累积冻害率达到50%(中度)的温度为-3.6 ℃,累积冻害率达到80%(重度)的温度为-4.2 ℃。花蕾过冷却点的变异大于花朵子房过冷却点,不同湿度处理下花蕾和花朵子房过冷却点差异显著。中湿(相对湿度50%~70%)条件下,过冷却点最高,抗寒性最差,而低湿(相对湿度50%以下)和高湿(相对湿度大于70%)处理均可降低植株的过冷却点。【结论】-4.4^-2.5 ℃是富士系苹果花组织开始出现损伤的主要温度范围。干燥和高湿的环境均可降低富士系苹果花蕾和花朵的过冷却点,尤其是干燥的环境可降低苹果花蕾的过冷却点0.6 ℃,可降低苹果花朵子房的过冷却点0.4 ℃,提高苹果花蕾及花朵子房抗寒性。     

Frost response in wheat and early detection using proximal sensors

Frost can significantly reduce production of field crops grown in Mediterranean‐type environments, where significant economic losses for Australian wheat occur annually. If non‐destructive sensors could make rapid, spatial assessment of frost damage, this could limit economic losses through timely management decisions. This paper reports on a methodology for imposing frost treatments to wheat under field conditions and the utility of canopy reflectance data for detecting early crop damage. Purpose‐built chambers using stepped additions of dry ice allowed for a range of frost scenarios to be tested when applied at wheat heading and anthesis. For frost treatments applied at anthesis, grain number and yield were reduced by 8.8% and 7.2%, respectively, for every degree Celsius below zero (down to ?4°C). This effect was additive over two consecutive nights. For cold load equivalent, there was a 2.2% and 1.9% reduction in grain number and yield, respectively, per °C hr (below 0°C). For wheat, spectral indices PRI and NDVI (reflectance) and FRF_G and SFR_G (fluorescence) showed significant relationships, with cold load applied for heading treatments. Next steps include targeting frost intensities equivalent to cold loads between 20 and 80°C hr and testing the utility of these proposed indices in a commercial paddock setting.     

严格意义的无霜期统计方法探讨

根据霜冻和无霜期对农作物生长的影响及农业气候区划的指导意义,比较无霜期与严格意义上的“无冻期”的关系和区别,分析霜冻出现的初、终日与霜、结冰现象及气温、地面温度、草面温度≤0℃出现的初日、终日之间的关系,探讨“无霜冻期”的合理统计方法,并通过对鄂东地区的麻城、浠水、黄石三地的无霜期和“无冻期”的统计,总结两者的差异和特征,从而为正确理解和统计无霜冻期,提出一套新的观点和方法,为指导农业生产和农业气候区划提供依据。     

草面温度在霜预报中的应用

为了避免农作物遇霜后遭受冻害,本研究采用草面温度对霜进行预测。利用连云港气象观测站2014—2016年逐时气象要素,包括气温、0 cm地温、露点温度、水汽压、气压以及2 min平均风速等气象要素作为影响连云港地区草面温度的关键因子,并以这6个要素作为属性特征,以草温作为标志量构建训练样本集,结合KNN数据挖掘算法构建草温预测模型,并根据草温判别是否有霜出现。结果表明：基于该算法构建的草温预测模型效果较好,预报平均误差1.2℃;根据草温预测霜的准确率高达90.2%,尤其对初终霜的预报具有很好的指示意义。因此,引入草温作为霜的预报指标,对于避免农作物遭受霜害具有十分重要的意义。     

Evaluation on quality of winter pelts of blue frost foxes

IntroductionBluefrostfoxisthehybridizedoffSpringofmalesilverfox(VUIV8sfUIvua)andfemalebluefox(AIOpexIQgOPuS)byartificialinsemination.DuetoitsspecialcharaCters,bluefroStfoxhasbeenrecognizedincommercialasafurbearersinceitwasproduced.Thefirstbluefrostfoxwasbornin1990inChi..[i].ThecolorofbluefroStfoxisverysimilartothesilverfoxexceptthatthehairisshorterthanthatofsilverfoxlzJ.ThehairStruCtureofbluefroStfoxismuchclosertothatofsilverfoxthantobindfoxl3].Hairbundlesarelargeinbluefox.Thelarges…     

Field performance of containerized black spruce seedlings with root systems damaged by freezing or pruning

Roots of 2-year-old black spruce seedlings (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were exposed to freezing temperatures to destroy 20, 40, 60, and 80% of the root systems. For comparison, other root systems were pruned to eliminate the same proportions of roots. Treated and control seedlings were planted in spring 1992 at Forêt Montmorency (the Université Laval forest research station, 50 km north of Quebec City). From 1992 to 1995, survival, shoot height and stem diameter were measured. Mortality mainly occurred in 1993, the year after planting; pruned seedlings showed practically no mortality while seedlings with 20, 40, 60, and 80% of their root systems affected by frost showed mortality rates of 0, 6, 17, and 24%, respectively. Shoot height and stem diameter decreased with increasing root damage when compared to controls. After three years on the planting site, shoot height was reduced by 2, 8, 11, and 18% while stem diameter was reduced by 4, 21, 25, and 24% for 20, 40, 60, and 80% frost damage, respectively. For pruned seedlings, shoot height was increased by 3% at 20% damage and was decreased by 1, 3, and 13% for 40, 60, and 80% root damage while stem diameter was reduced by 1, 4, 8, 19% for 20, 40, 60, and 80% respectively. Use of damaged seedlings on the planting sites should be limited in order to reduce the cost of replacement planting.     

春性小麦的晚霜冻及防治研究

晚霜冻在长江下游对春性品种小麦扬麦１５８、扬麦５号会造成冻害,暖冬年１０月２０日前播种的春性小麦会因受到冻害而减产。受冻后的扬麦１５８有良好的自我恢复能力,减产幅度比扬麦５号小。长江下游１０月下旬初播种的春性小麦高产稳产,冬春镇压能预防与减轻早播麦的晚霜冻害,冻害后补肥有利于提高恢复能力。     

土壤固化剂新材料在衬砌渠道中的应用研究

在内蒙古河套灌区首次采用固化土衬砌渠道作为渠道防渗抗冻的新技术。简要说明土壤固化剂原理,通过室内试验得出固化土性能,通过施工实践总结出固化土施工工艺。应用已有和自行开发的土壤固化剂制作固化板,进行防渗、抗冻观测试验,对冻深、冻胀量、防渗效果和工程造价作出定量结论,已在大型灌区田间渠道衬砌中推广应用。