Prediction of surface runoff and soil loss in southeastern Norway using the WEPP Hillslope model

Yearly and daily surface runoff and soil loss simulated by the WEPP Hillslope model v. 2002.7 were compared with measurements from two different soil erosion plot sites in southeastern Norway. The soil at Bjørnebekk (Bj) was a levelled silty clay loam (2% organic matter) and the soil at Syverud (Sy) was a loam (5% organic matter). The plots at Bj were 21 m long and 8 m wide, while the plots at Sy were 30 m long and 7 m wide. Slope at both sites was 13%. Four management systems for grain production were used: autumn ploughing (AP), winter crop rotation (WCR), autumn harrowing (AH) and spring ploughing (SP). Hydraulic conductivity and soil erosion parameters were determined using WEPP-recommended equations based on measured soil parameters. In general, the WEPP Hillslope model simulated fewer runoff events than measured for all management systems during 1990–1998. Runoff events in winter were seldom predicted and small events (<5 mm) were mostly missed. To use the WEPP Hillslope model on Norwegian soils, where major soil loss events from arable land occur during late autumn, winter and early spring, improvements in winter hydrology calculations are needed. In particular calculations of soil frost development and infiltration into frozen soil need to be improved. The WEPP-recommended soil erosion parameter equations were unsuitable for these two Norwegian soils, especially for levelled soil.     

浅议高寒地区道路冻胀翻浆的防治方法

路面翻浆是季节性冻土地区道路工程中的一个主要冻害现象之一;翻浆的发生,不仅会破坏路面,妨碍行车,严重者还会中断交通,造成一定的经济损失。本文就这一现象论述了高寒地区道路冻胀翻浆的防治方法。     

Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in a collection of pea germplasm under field and controlled conditions

A total of 242 Pisum accessions were screened for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi under controlled conditions. Resistance was found to all races, including race 6 and the recently described race 8. Fifty‐eight accessions were further tested for resistance to P. syringae pv. syringae under controlled conditions, with some highly resistant accessions identified. Finally, a set of 41 accessions were evaluated for resistance to P. syringae pv. pisi and pv. syringae under spring‐ and winter‐sowing field conditions. R2, R3 and R4 race‐specific resistance genes to P. syringae pv. pisi protected pea plants in the field. Resistance sources to race 6 identified under controlled conditions were ineffective in the field. Frost effects were also evaluated in relation to disease response. Results strongly suggest that frost tolerance is effective in lowering the disease effects caused by P. syringae pv. pisi and pv. syringae under frost‐stress conditions, even in the absence of disease resistance genes, although the highest degree of this protection is reached when frost tolerance and disease‐resistance genes are combined in the same genetic background.     

马铃薯抗寒性研究进展

低温是影响马铃薯生长及产量的重要环境因子,特别是0℃以下的冻害会对马铃薯植株的叶片、茎秆造成严重的损伤,甚至导致整个植株的死亡。因此,研究马铃薯品种的抗寒性具有重要的价值及意义。对国内外马铃薯低温驯化与抗寒性、抗寒生理机制、抗寒性遗传及其基因工程等方面的研究进展进行了综述,以期为马铃薯抗寒育种提供参考。     

富川脐橙2008年初低温雨雪冰冻灾害的后续分析

2008年初富川县脐橙经历了一场种植以来最为严重的低温雨雪冰冻灾害。文章通过对脐橙受害后以及两年来生长发育情况的后续调查分析,结果表明,这场50年一遇的严重低温雨雪冰冻天气,对富川北部的脐橙为害较为严重。表现为全株末级梢及叶片干枯,但当年恢复生长并开花结果,只是花量明显减少,产量下降。第二年正常开花结果。而富川中南部的脐橙受害较轻,当年产量较高。通过此后续调查分析,为更好地发展富川脐橙生产、以及脐橙的冻害防御提供依据。     

冷阳台窗台冻胀机理分析与处理方法研究

和厨房相通的冷阳台窗台冬季发生冻害是一种常见的现象。经过若干次冻融循环后,这种窗台的砂浆面层及部分混凝土会因冻胀破坏开始脱落。分析了这种窗台冻胀作用的机理,并根据应力分析对裂缝走向进行了解释,而后对发生冻害的窗台给出了简易处理措施。     

The frost tolerance of Miscanthus at the juvenile stage: Differences between clones are influenced by leaf-stage and acclimation

Miscanthus, a perennial, C₄ grass, has numerous advantages for biomass production, notably its high yield per hectare and low input requirements. However, establishment of this crop may be affected in Europe by frost damage when stem emergence occurs early in the year. The principal aim of this study was to quantify the impact of frost on young miscanthus shoots at different leaf-stages, and to characterise inter-species variations in frost tolerance. Four clones belonging to two species were tested at three leaf stages in a climate-controlled chamber simulating acclimation conditions and frost treatments. Frost tolerance was scored using a 0-6 visual assessment scale and analysed with nonparametric tests.We were thus able to show that more developed plants (6 or 7-leaf stage) were less frost tolerant than those at the 3 or 5-leaf stage. Plants at the 6 or 7-leaf stage also displayed differences in tolerance between clones. The leaf-stage of the plant is linked to apex height, and this appeared to play a role in frost tolerance. M. sinensis displayed variable frost tolerance (tolerance score of between 3.6 and 4.9), although the three clones observed were always more frost tolerant than M. x giganteus (with a score of 3). Moreover, the differences in frost tolerance were negatively correlated (r = −0.94) with the mean leaf surface area of clones at the time of frost exposure. Finally, we observed that acclimation at 12 °C under strong light intensity (600 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) enabled an increase in the tolerance of young shoots in all the clones tested.     

Late Autumn Frost Resistance of Twelve North European Provenances of Quercus Species

Twelve north European oak provenances [11 Quercus robur L. and one Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl] were tested for late autumn frost hardiness using visual methods and measurements of relative conductivity. Tissue from buds and twigs from 2-yr-old seedlings was used. The test was carried out in November and December. Temperatures between ?20 and ?32°C were necessary to cause serious damage to tissue, even when tissues were tested only a few weeks after leaf fall. Visual methods proved to be fast and could be applied in practical test applications. Estimation of twig viability was found to be a more reliable variable than bud assessment, which appears to be sensitive and not necessarily related to plant mortality. Relative conductivity is a more labour-intensive method and requires some technical equipment, but it provided the most consistent statistical results. Strong correlation between the visual methods and relative conductivity was demonstrated. Provenances originating from locations close to the Atlantic ocean (The Netherlands, the UK, Denmark and Norway) tended to be less frost resistant than more continental provenances (from Norway, Sweden, Finland and Poland). Frost tolerance was correlated with budset, but not with growth of the provenances. The results confirm the existence of specific ecotypes and suggest a high potential for adaptation in Q. robur.     

Production losses due to a summer frost in a Salix viminalis short‐rotation forest in southern Sweden

The effect of a single night frost during late spring on the current year production of two clones of Salix viminalis was determined in two monoclonal stands that displayed a gradient from virtually undamaged plants, shielded from outgoing radiation by a neighbouring spruce forest, to heavily damaged plants in the unshielded parts. Compared with the undamaged stand parts, frost caused production losses of 47% and 60% in the two clones during the first year of the second cutting cycle. The clone‐specific allometric relationship between shoot dry weight and diameter was changed by the frost in one clone, showing lower shoot weights in damaged shoots compared with undamaged shoots of the same diameter. In the other clone, allometric relations were not affected by the frost. The relative variation in weight between the stools did not differ systematically with frost damage intensity, and therefore it could not be concluded that frost in monoclonal stands would enforce a competitive hierarchy. It was inferred that the single night frost indirectly can have a negative effect on the production of the stands during the years to come.     

桉属树种/种源生长与耐冻性的联合选择

对桉属7个种11个种批进行生长和耐冻性的联合选择研究。选出在冷凉地区较有潜力的邓恩桉17913、20665和17922以及本沁桉18788共4个种批,蓄积量14.80～20.93 m3/a·hm2,这为国内冷凉地区发展短轮伐期桉树用材林提供了可供选择的速生、耐冻的种植材料。另外,多雷苷桉虽然生长中等(蓄积量10.03 m3/a·hm2),但耐冻性好,可以作为进一步选择和杂交育种的备用材料。