化学调控技术的防霜应用研究

应用不同类型化学制剂促进作物早熟缩短生育期、防霜减灾试验表明 ,利用化学制剂调节作物发育速度 ,有一定的促早熟避霜冻作用 ,且有一定矮化植株和提高产量的作用     

Mapping of genes involved in glutathione, carbohydrate and COR14b cold induced protein accumulation during cold hardening in wheat

Using some of the chromosome substitution lines developed from thecrosses of the donor Cheyenne to Chinese Spring we showed that theaccumulation of water soluble carbohydrates during different stages ofhardening was time dependent. Moreover there was a significantcorrelation between the rate of carbohydrate accumulation and the frosttolerance. The expression and regulation of a wheat gene homologous tothe barley cold regulated cor14b gene was compared in frost sensitiveand frost tolerant wheat genotypes at different temperatures. Studies madewith chromosome substitution lines showed that the threshold inductiontemperature polymorphism of the cor14b wheat homologous genewas controlled by loci located on chromosome 5A of wheat, while cor14b gene was mapped, in Triticum monococcum, onto the longarm of chromosome 2A^m. Our study on the effect of cold hardeningon glutathione (GSH) metabolism showed that chromosome 5A of wheathas an influence on the GSH accumulation and on the ratio of reduced andoxidised glutathione as part of a complex regulatory function during coldhardening. In addition, the level of increase in GSH content duringhardening may indicate the degree of the frost tolerance of wheat.     

山西东南部气候变暖背景下的霜冻特征分析

应用山西省东南部11个气象观测站1971-2010年春秋季及年平均气温、初终霜冻日期及无霜期资料,采用数理统计对比法,分析了该地初终霜冻的时域分布特征及成因,气候变暖背景下初终霜冻日期及无霜期的变化特征。结果表明：气温年际变化在1971-1996年属震荡缓慢升温期,1997年开始趋于明显增暖期,气候变暖速率为0．3℃·10a-1;初终霜冻日期的时域分布与特殊的地理环境条件关系密切;在秋季气候变暖前提下,初霜冻出现日期的推后速率为2 d·10a-1,其年际变化趋势表现为正负震荡推后期、偏早期和平稳推后期三个阶段;春季平均气温的增温速率为0．25℃·10a-1,对应终霜冻出现日期呈现为提前趋势,提前速率为4 d·10a-1,年际演变特征可分为偏晚期、偏早期、正负震荡期、偏早期四个阶段;无霜期在气候变暖背景下,年际变化特征可分为延长期、缩短期和平稳延长期三个时期,无霜期的线性变化延长速率为7 d·10a-1。     

近50年陕西省无霜期的变化及果区霜冻风险分布

利用陕西省96个气象台站1961～2010年的日最低气温资料,计算了陕西各站历年霜冻的初日、终日及无霜期,并对其分布特征及年际变化进行分析。结果显示,陕西省初霜日、终霜日、无霜期等值线在陕北大致呈经向分布,在关中和陕南大致呈纬向分布;50年间,全省96站初霜日最早和最晚平均值相差44天,终霜日最早和最晚平均值相差49天,无霜期最长和最短天数平均值相差68天;全省平均初霜日呈推迟趋势,推迟幅度约为1.4天/10年;平均终霜日呈提前趋势,提前幅度约为1.7天/10年;平均无霜期呈加长趋势,加长幅度约为3.1天/10年。最后依据风险分析理论对陕西多个苹果基地县进行了花期霜冻风险分析,得出其风险的空间分布特点,结论对精确指导和开展防灾减灾工作有参考作用。     

近40a新疆阿拉尔垦区初终霜日及无霜期的变化特征

根据阿拉尔气象站1961-2000年日平均气温资料,求其逐年初终霜日及无霜期持续天数,用最小二乘法分析时间序列变化特征及趋势。结果表明：近40a新疆阿拉尔垦区初霜日提前,终霜日推后,无霜期持续天数以0.359d/10a的不显著趋势减少;初终霜日及无霜期持续天数年际差异不明显,变化相对稳定。结论：鉴于无霜期持续天数缩短,...     

宁夏苹果花期霜冻敏感性指标研究

苹果花期霜冻指标是果园霜冻预报预警、防御的基础,本文运用人工模拟霜箱,以富士、嘎啦和乔纳金苹果为试验对象,设置过冷却模拟试验设5个温度梯度和4个持续时间共计20个试验处理,模拟研究了苹果花期霜冻敏感性指标。结果表明:苹果花苞期花瓣、盛花期花瓣和子房以及幼果期的幼果平均过冷却点在-3.51℃~-3.27℃,结冰点变化范围在-2.94℃~-2.65℃。苹果花期低温敏感范围在-2.5℃~-3.5℃之间,不同花器官、不同品种、不同低温持续时间和不同发育阶段之间有所差异,其中,在苹果花的花瓣、子房、雄蕊和雌蕊等不同花器官中,花瓣最不耐冻,子房和雌、雄蕊随温度降低变异较大;不同类型花耐受冻顺序为花苞半开花全开花;-2.5℃~-3.0℃温度处理下,致死率随持续时间增加明显,温度高于或低于这个范围,持续时间对致死率影响不大;3个苹果品种中,富士最不耐冻,其次是乔纳金和嘎啦。     

Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae in a collection of pea germplasm under field and controlled conditions

A total of 242 Pisum accessions were screened for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi under controlled conditions. Resistance was found to all races, including race 6 and the recently described race 8. Fifty‐eight accessions were further tested for resistance to P. syringae pv. syringae under controlled conditions, with some highly resistant accessions identified. Finally, a set of 41 accessions were evaluated for resistance to P. syringae pv. pisi and pv. syringae under spring‐ and winter‐sowing field conditions. R2, R3 and R4 race‐specific resistance genes to P. syringae pv. pisi protected pea plants in the field. Resistance sources to race 6 identified under controlled conditions were ineffective in the field. Frost effects were also evaluated in relation to disease response. Results strongly suggest that frost tolerance is effective in lowering the disease effects caused by P. syringae pv. pisi and pv. syringae under frost‐stress conditions, even in the absence of disease resistance genes, although the highest degree of this protection is reached when frost tolerance and disease‐resistance genes are combined in the same genetic background.     

Selection of hydroxyproline-resistant proline-accumulating mutants of cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Summary A procedure is described by which hydroxyproline-resistant lines could be selected from regenerating curd tissue of cauliflower. Mutagenesis was by N-nitroso-N-ethylurea, supplied as a drop of 0.3 mM solution on each 3 mm diameter curd piece. The mutagen generated numerous morphological and pigment mutations without significantly affecting shoot regeneration from explants. Thirty one resistant shoots were recovered from more than six thousand explants mutagenised on regeneration medium supplemented with 3 mM hydroxyproline, while none was obtained from a similar number of non-mutagenised controls. Out of twenty-three resistant shoots which survived subculture, only one showed consistently elevated levels of endogenous proline. During early shoot culture passages, proline levels were 3.6–4.7 times higher than controls, but this was reduced to 1.6 times after 10–12 culture passages in the absence of hydroxyproline. Possible reasons for this decline are discussed. Leaf strip assays suggest resistant shoots may be chimeras and current efforts are directed towards regenerating solid mutants from resistant sectors. These will then be evaluated for any alteration in frost tolerance.Abbreviations IBA Indole-3-butyric-acid - NEU N-nitroso-N-ethylurea     

受(霜)冻果树光谱特征及其受冻级别的定量化测评——以酥梨、砂红桃、红富士苹果树为例

此研究试图探寻受霜冻程度不同的果树的反射光谱特征,并尝试利用光谱数据对果树的受冻程度进行定量化测评.首先,分别对酥梨、砂红桃、红富士3种果树4个受冻级别的花朵的光谱反射率进行了预处理.随后,对光谱数据以9种不同的波长为间隔进行了一阶微分变换.最后,利用优选的3组微分波谱在其对应的特征波段区间内的积分求值,分别对3种果树花朵的受冻程度进行了定量化评估建模.主要结论为:①每种果树各级受冻花朵的反射波谱均在360 nm附近出现了最低谷区,而在360～440 nm的波段区间均出现了坡度最大的陡坎,陡坎坡度的大小顺序为:未受冻级别＞轻度受冻级别＞中度受冻级别＞重度受冻级别,并且陡坎的最大坡度均出现在400 nm附近;②当波长间隔同时设为9 nm时,酥梨、砂红桃、红富士苹果树的各级受冻花朵的微分波谱分别在396±20,400±20,410±20 nm波段区间内的积分求值差异最大;③利用上述的3组积分值,可分别对3种果树花朵的受冻级别建立定量化评估模型.     

季冻区湿地软土固结特性与固结压力相关性的试验研究

针对黑龙江省松嫩平原湿地软土的固结特性,进行压缩固结试验研究。研究表明,季冻区软土孔隙比大、含水率大、压缩性强,其物理力学性质和工程性质略优于珠江三角洲软土。随着固结压力的增大,压缩系数逐渐减小,压缩模量逐渐增大,团结压力大于200kPa时,压缩系数变化趋势逐渐变缓,固结系数随固结压力增大逐渐减小,其变化范围为1．71—7．11×10^-4cm^2／s,固结系数在固结压力超过400kPa时趋于稳定。其研究成果可为季冻区软土工程处理提供技术支持。