The role of resistance breeding in the intergrated control of downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) in protected lettuce

Summary Over the last 30 years, six resistance alleles (Dm2, Dm3, Dm6, Dm7, Dm11 andDm16) located in two linkage groups, have contributed to the control of downy mildew in lettuce crops grown under protection (glass or polythene) in northern Europe. More recently, an as yet genetically uncharacterised resistance factor, R18, has also begun to assume importance. The occurrence of the various combinations of these resistance alleles that exist in commercial cultivars has been dictated by the pathotypes ofBremia lactucae used in their selection but also restricted by linkage in repulsion. In the UK, a pathotype ofB. lactucae insensitive to phenylamide fungicides, such as metalaxyl, emerged in 1978 and became prevalent throughout lettuce production areas in subsequent years. The specific virulence of this pathotype was identical to the previously described phenylamide sensitive pathotype NL10 and cultivars carryingDm11, Dm16 or R18 were resistant. Consequently, an integrated control strategy based on the utilisation of metalaxyl on cultivars carryingDm11 provided effective control in UK until 1987 when a new phenylamide insensitive pathotype began to cause problems. The specific virulence of this second pathotype, which was first reported in the Netherlands and France, was identical to the previously described phenylamide sensitive pathotype NL15. Cultivars carryingDm6, Dm16 or R18, but notDm11, were resistant to NL15; consequently an appropriate change in the cultivar recommendations for use in the integrated control strategy was successfully promulgated. It is predicted that variations of this integrated control strategy involving the use of appropriately selectedDm gene combinations may prove effective for some time. This prediction is based on studies of the status of the avirulence loci in the two phenylamide insensitive pathotypes and of the specific virulence characteristics of phenylamide sensitive components of the pathogen population.     

The identification and characteristics of field resistance to lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel)

Summary Eighty-one accessions of three Lactuca species which showed no recognisable race specific resistance to Bremia lactucae when tested in the laboratory as seedlings, exhibited different degrees of susceptibility when exposed to natural field infection. As a group, crisp genotypes had less mildew and a slower rate of disease development than other types of lettuce. Wild forms of Lactuca sativa and Lactuca serriola were particularly susceptible. In a further trial, the low field susceptibility of three lettuce cultivars (Iceberg, Batavia blonde de Paris and Grand Rapids) was confirmed. Disease development on cv. Iceberg was compared to that on the highly susceptible cv. Hilde in experiments where the two cultivars were grown either in close proximity or in isolation. The absolute level of attack on cv. Iceberg depended upon disease pressure and differences between the two types only became apparent approximately 8 wk after sowing.     

Sources and inheritance of resistance to stemphylium leaf spot of lettuce

Summary None of the tested cultivars of lettuce was found resistant to Stemphylium leaf spot, a common disease in Israel. Within a Lactuca saligna population collected in wild lettuce in Israel, resistance was traced. Interspecific crosses of L. saligna x L. sativa were made and the mode of inheritance of resistance to this disease was studied. Resistance is apparently controlled by two genes: one dominant (Sm₁) and one recessive (sm₂).Contribution No. 1176-E 1984 series, from the ARO.     

蚯蚓粪对栽培生菜的影响

对蚯蚓粪作为基肥施用的肥效进行研究,结果表明,它能使意大利生菜植株相对平均增高2.2cm,开展度相对平均加大2.7cm,叶色加深,生长发育加快,产量相对提高13.9%。同时,它还可改善作物的品质,减轻病害。     

Novel pathotypes of lettuce mosaic virus — breakdown of a durable resistance?

Summary Resistance to lettuce mosaic virus (LMV) is derived either from cv. Gallega (g gene) or the wild accession PI251245 (mo gene). Previous studies indicated that these two genes were identical. Breeders in Europe produced numerous resistant cultivars utilisingg while in the USAmo was used. The resistance has been effective for over 20 years. However, recently there have been reports of LMV isolates causing unusually severe and sometimes necrotic symptoms on cultivars with these resistance genes. Investigations of these severe isolates have distinguished three new pathotypes in addition to the common pathotype (II) and identified a novel dominant gene for resistance. Themo/g genes confer resistance to pathotypes I and II but pathotype III possesses virulence for cultivars withg but not for those withmo. These two genes are therefore not identical but are probably either closely linked genes or alleles. Pathotype IV possesses virulence for all lettuce lines so far tested. Some isolates of this pathotype are seed transmitted in cultivars possessingmo org and have caused severe crop losses in southern France. The durability of the resistance conditioned by these two genes is discussed.     

Interactions between plant and aphid genotypes in resistance of lettuce to Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae

Summary Six lettuce lines, representing two types of resistance to the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and a control line with high susceptibility to M. persicae were tested for resistance to six different clones of Myzus persicae and two clones of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae.The clones of M. persicae showed very different levels of aggressiveness on lettuce: two had a high level of reproduction, two had an intermediate level and two were poorly adapted to lettuce as a host. Differences between lettuce lines in aphid reproduction increased with increasing aggressiveness of the aphid clone, which means that aggressive clones are most effective for selection purposes. No evidence was found for clone-specific plant genotype reactions, meaning that lines resistant to one clone will also be resistant to other clones of M. persicae, allthough not neccessarily at the same level. The lettuce lines selected for partial resistance to the aggressive clone WMp1 were completely or almost completely resistant to less aggresive clones.No differences in level of reproduction were found between the two clones of M. euphorbiae and no relation was observed between resistance to M. persicae and M. euphorbiae, indicating the species-specific character of resistance to leaf aphids in lettuce.     

The response to saprol (systemic fungicide) in lettuce species and cultivars and its inheritance

Summary The response of Lactuca sativa, L. serriola and L. saligna to saprol was studied. Spraying the whole plant or part of a leaf caused wilting of susceptible plants. A similar effect was observed when leaves were soaked in a solution containing saprol.Inheritance studies with L. sativa and L. serriola showed that resistance to the wilting reaction caused by saprol is controlled by a single recessive gene.Contribution no. 198-E, 1978 series.     

Diurnal Macronutrients Uptake Patterns by Lettuce Roots under Various Light and Temperature Levels

In order to reduce nutrient wastes to the environment the supply should be in accordance to the demand for these. Two experiments were conducted to study and quantify the effect of temperature, irradiance, and plant age on the uptake of nitrate (NO₃^?), ammonium (NH₄⁺), dihydrogen phosphate ion (H₂PO₄^?), potassium (K⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), magnesium (Mg²⁺), and sulfate (SO₄²). In the first experiment, various levels of temperature and irradiance were applied to plants in a growth chamber, while in the second experiment the uptake was studied along the crop season under greenhouse conditions. The uptake rates were calculated at 2-hour intervals through sampling the nutrient solution and analyzing it by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Increasing light and temperature enhance the uptake rates, while the rates decrease with plant age. Nitrogen absorption was similar during the day as during the night. No differences were found in the absorption of H₂PO₄^?, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and SO₄^2? between day and night. Nitrate absorption was found to have a positive correlation with the absorption of all the ions except for NH₄⁺.     

中国主栽青辣椒品种鲜切加工适宜性评价

为科学评价青辣椒品种的鲜切加工适宜性,收集中国主栽青辣椒品种20个,统一种植,在同一成熟度下采收,并对其感官理化指标(L*、a*、b*值、感官评价得分、出品率、果皮硬度、果肉厚度、含水率、糖酸比、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸),功能性指标(维生素C含量、总酚含量、DPPH自由基清除能力(DPPH free radical scavenging activity)、铁离子还原能力(Ferric iron reducing antioxidant power)、ABTS自由基清除能力(ABTS radical scavenging activity)、β-胡萝卜素含量进行测定。应用SAS9.2软件对基础数据进行显著性分析;应用相关性、主成分、Varclus变量聚类及因子评价分析对17项指标进行降维处理,筛选核心评价指标;运用层次分析法确定主评价指标权重;运用灰色关联度分析法对20个青辣椒品种的鲜切加工适宜性进行评价。结果表明:显著性分析发现除含水率外,青辣椒的其他指标品种间差异极显著(P0.001),其中b*值、β-胡萝卜素含量及FRAP值的变异系数较大;在所有品种中陇椒5号的维生素C含量在α=0.05水平上显著高于其他品种,京辣2号的β-胡萝卜素含量在α=0.05水平上显著高于其他品种,京研皱皮辣、陇椒5号的抗氧化能力在α=0.05水平上显著高于其他品种。相关性分析发现果皮硬度与感官评价得分呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.68,与可溶性固形物含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.72;糖酸比与可滴定酸含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.81;维生素C含量与FRAP值、ABTS值及总酚含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.69、0.73、0.58;果肉厚度与维生素C含量呈显著负相关、与总酚含量呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.5、-0.6;β-胡萝卜素含量与L*、b*值呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.63、-0.66。主成分、聚类、因子评价及层次分析确定感官评价得分、维生素C含量、出品率、糖酸比、β-胡萝卜素含量及总酚含量为主要评价因子,权重分别为38.15%、26.55%、18.37%、9.00%、5.00%、2.94%。灰色关联度分析表明针对鲜切加工,微辣的青椒品种中"国福311"和"中椒106"的加工品质较好,中辣青椒品种中"陇椒6号"的加工品质较好,强辣青椒品种中"兴蔬皱皮辣"的加工品质较好。以上研究结果可以为鲜切青辣椒生产加工过程中原料的选择提供科学的数据和方法,同时也可为青辣椒育种如富集功能性成分品种的选育提供指导。     

New Wild Lactuca Genetic Resources with Resistance Against Bremia lactucae

A total of 1027 genotypes of wild Lactuca spp. (L. serriola, L. saligna, and L. aculeata), originating from Israel, Jordan, East Turkey, Armenia, Kazakhstan, China, and various other countries in Europe were screened for resistance to the lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel). The genotypes of L. serriola (N = 962); L. saligna (N = 43); and L. aculeata (N = 22) were tested at the seedling stage with two isolates of B. lactucae (race Bl-21 and Isr-74) isolated from cultivated lettuce in Italy and Israel, respectively. Altogether, the isolates possess virulence against 17 out of 20 Dm genes/R-factors composing the established differential set of lettuce lines/varieties. They could therefore be used for preliminary detection of the presence of new resistance factors. A total of 83 and three genotypes of L. serriola and L. saligna, respectively, were resistant to infection by each of the two isolates alone as well as to the infection by a mix of the two isolates. These genotypes probably carry previously unknown resistance, and therefore could be suitable for exploitation by breeders and further detailed research. The wild progenitor of lettuce, L. serriola, and related species harbor significant untapped genetic resources for lettuce improvement.