Nitrogen nutrition and use efficiency in rice as influenced by crop establishment methods,cyanobacterial and phosphate solubilizing bacterial consortia and zinc fertilization

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during wet season of 2013 and 2014, involving three crop establishment methods (CEMs) viz. puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensification (SRI), and aerobic rice system (ARS). Three rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) application (0%, 75%, and 100% of recommended dose of N and P) (RDN) (120 kg N ha^–1 and 25.8 kg P ha^–1) and two sources of N and P (fertilizer and cyanobacterial-bacterial inoculation) were tested with and without zinc (Zn) fertilization in all CEMs. The concentration of N in PTR and SRI was significantly higher than ARS with higher uptake of 10.3 and 11.1 kg ha^–1 in PTR and SRI over ARS. Treatment with 100% RDN led to significantly higher N availability and uptake than 75% RDN and absolute control, i.e. 14.5 and 32.0 kg ha^–1, respectively. Application of Anabaena-Pseudomonas biofilm formulation (MC2) in conjunction with 75% RDN increased total uptake of N by 12.7 kg ha^–1 compared to 75% RDN only. A positive correlation was found between N concentration and acetylene reductase activity at 70 days after sowing (DAS) (R² = 0.52) and 100 DAS (R² = 0.38) based on mean of 2 years study. Zn fertilization significantly increased N concentration in rice straw and milled rice irrespective of the crop establishment methods. Our study signifies the importance of microbial inoculation, optimal N fertilization along with SRI and PTR as more effective crop establishment methods for deriving greater benefits in terms of N nutrition in rice.     

多重光散射技术及其在农药制剂稳定性研究中的应用

多重光散射技术通过穿透力极强的近红外脉冲光源对样品扫描,快速、准确分析悬浮液、乳状液和泡沫液等体系的内部变化情况,有利于体系物理稳定性的研究,被广泛应用于食品、医药和石油等领域。随着交叉学科的快速发展,多重光散射技术在农药制剂加工中的应用越来越多,为农药水基化制剂的研究和开发提供了有效途径。     

Applications of Trichoderma formulations in crop protection

The choice of active Trichoderma strains is important in designing effective and safe biocontrol applications. Many species of Trichoderma have multiple strategies for fungal antagonism and indirect effects on plant health, such as growth promotion, systemic resistance induction and fertility improvements. Some strains are powerful antibiotic producers, and their suitability for use in biocontrol systems must be carefully assessed. However, many other active strains have no antibiotic cap…     

不同药剂药械防治马尾松毛虫效果及经济指标比较

通过使用不同药剂药械防治越冬代马尾松毛虫,结果表明:施药1 d后平均防治效果:烟剂为84.46%,水剂为89.96%,粉剂为58.44%;10 d后平均防治效果:烟剂为94.87%,水剂为95.48%,粉剂为94.16%。防治成本:水剂>烟剂>粉剂。综合防治效果、防治成本以及农药残留对林农养蚕、养蜂影响等因素,建议推广烟雾机烟剂防治技术(远离蚕桑的山区林区可推广森得保等粉剂防治)。     

猪精液冷冻稀释液配方的筛选

本试验优选出的冷冻稀释液1号和2号配方,冻精活率达0.5,解冻后精子在38～40℃恒温下存活指数分别为1.98±0.64和2.27±0.62。应用日立 H-800型透射电子显微镜对冻精进行超微结构观察,精子顶体完整率分别达59.61%和63.54%。2号配方的冷配情期受胎率达70.57%,其顶体完整率与受胎率呈正相关。     

工厂化金针菇菌糠栽培平菇试验

试验以工厂化生产金针菇[Flammulina velutiper(Fr.) Sing]的菌渣为主要原料,采用5种不同的配方栽培平菇(Pleurisies ostreatus).结果表明,以配方4(金针菇菌糠24％,新鲜棉子壳74％,石灰粉1％,石膏粉1％)栽培平菇的效果最好,平均每袋比对照降低生产成本0.61元,提高经济效益1.21元.     

ACQ各组分对金属腐蚀性的影响

测定ACQ各组分对4种金属的腐蚀性。结果表明,除304不锈钢以外,ACQ对其余3种金属均有较强的腐蚀性;二甲基双癸基氯化铵(DDAC)中的氯离子,是影响ACQ对Q235A钢腐蚀性的主要因素;CuO质量分数和CuO与DDAC的质量比,是影响ACQ对Q235A钢腐蚀性的显著因素。     

烟嘧·莠去津不同剂型对后茬作物幼苗的影响

通过水培法研究了4种不同烟嘧磺隆·莠去津的剂型(20%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津可分散油悬浮剂、22%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津油悬浮剂、23%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津悬浮剂、79%烟嘧磺隆.莠去津水分散粒剂)对后茬作物幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,烟嘧磺隆.莠去津的不同剂型对于油菜和萝卜主根伸长的影响较大,在浓度仅为10mg/L时,对后茬作物就具有抑制作用;而对油菜和萝卜的芽长则影响较小,当药剂浓度大于80 mg/L才对后茬作物有影响;而对于小麦,可分散油悬浮剂对小麦的主根伸长和芽长的影响较大,而其他3个剂型的影响相对较小。     

啤酒大麦的营养特点和肥料配方的研究

1985—1986年在四川钙质紫色土上对盐辐矮早三号啤酒大麦的研究表明,在3000～4500kg/ha的产量水平下,每生产100kg籽粒需氮2.49kg,磷0.49kg,钾2.76kg。肥料宜早施或加大前期用量。在施氮量低于135kg/ha条件下,大麦养分吸收量和分蘖期植株氮、磷含量与大麦产量之间呈显著正相关。啤酒大麦优质高产肥料配方为N75～108kg/ha,P_2O_560～90kg/ha。     

Chlamydospores of Fusarium Oxysporum Schlecht f.sp. orthoceras (Appel & Wollenw.) Bilai as Inoculum for Wheat-flour—Kaolin Granules to be Used for the Biological Control of Orobanche cumana Wallr.

The formation of chlamydospores of Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f.sp. orthoceras (Appel & Wollenw.) Bilai, a potential mycoherbicide for the parasitic weed Orobanche cumana Wallr., was optimised regarding the composition of the liquid growth medium. After 16 days of incubation, highest chlamydospore counts (approximately 2 × 10⁷ml^–1) were determined in an aqueous solution amended with 1.5% (w/v) finely ground sorghum stover and 30% (v/v) wheat-based stillage, a liquid by-product of ethanol production. The produced fungal biomass retained viability after being air-dried and stored. Granules made from wheat-flour and kaolin (Pesta) containing microconidia or air-dried chlamydospore-rich biomass were prepared and showed high efficacy in controlling O. cumana in the greenhouse. No differences in efficacy were observed between the different types of inoculum used.