再论“藏粮于技”战略：内涵辨识、理论支撑与未来取向

“两藏”战略是中国粮食安全的根本之策。为梳理“藏粮于技”概念缘起和内涵,以马克思主义科技观、技术创新与技术变迁理论、制度与技术的关系为理论基础,分析了“藏粮于技”战略的理论逻辑和内涵演变。结果表明：1）“藏粮于技”是中国共产党马克思主义科技观的重要实践,其制度创新与技术创新双向互促特色鲜明。2）“藏”的内涵包括市场和产量调控、完善粮食市场体系和价格形成机制,建立精准、科学合理的粮食调控体系,并解决粮食安全、生态安全、食品安全、农民增收等可持续问题。3）“技”的内容扩展为全要素、全产业链、多学科技术集成和应用,技术扩散呈现多主体交互、反馈,农业技术与数字技术融合发展。本研究从科技自强自立、摆脱路径依赖、内涵式发展道路和创新体系效能4个方面提出对策建议,为进一步明确“藏粮于技”战略未来取向和实现路径提供了决策参考。     

Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska, with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans

Chaetognatha were among the most dominant macrozooplankton taxa collected in 6 years of springtime collections, both throughout the water column and near-bottom on the continental shelf in the northern Gulf of Alaska. Three species ( Sagitta elegans, S. scrippsae, and Eukrohnia hamata ) were collected in 248 collections, although S. elegans was the numerically dominant species overall during most cruises. Collections taken in epibenthic sleds generally contained about two orders of magnitude more chaetognaths than those that sampled throughout the water column. Two size modes were apparent in the S. elegans size-frequency distributions which were believed to belong to different cohorts. Growth rate was on the order of 2–3 mm per month. The two cohorts showed asynchronous diel vertical distribution patterns, with the smaller individuals found near the surface during the day whereas the larger individuals were near the surface at night. About 7.5% of the S. elegans examined contained food. Copepods made up the majority (∼89% by number) of the diet of both large and small individuals. Euphausiid juveniles and cirripede larvae were also observed, as well as several incidences of cannibalism by large chaetognaths on smaller individuals. Based on the results of two diel series, this species was observed to feed mainly during the night-time.     

我国开展食品安全风险分析的问题与对策

食品安全风险分析既是先进的管理模式,又是科学的思维方式。近几年我国食品安全事件频发,需要加快开展食品安全风险分析,以防患于未然。介绍了食品安全风险分析的基本原理,指出了我国开展食品安全风险分析的问题,并提出有关对策,以期对提高我国的食品安全水平有所裨益。     

HACCP管理体系在菠萝澄清饮料加工中的应用

通过HACCP管理体系,探讨了危害分析及关键控制点在菠萝澄清饮料加工中的应用,通过分析产品加工过程中各个环节及其潜在的危害,确定原料验收、超高温瞬时杀菌、热灌装封口、喷淋杀菌为关键控制点,并建立相应的关键控制临界值,进行控制、纠偏、记录及档案管理、验证审核等,保证产品质量的安全性。     

融入区域特色食品资源的“食品工艺学”课程教学改革研究

HUANG Huifu(College of Biological Resources and Food Enginggring,Qujing Normal University,Qujing,Yunnan 655011,China)     

网购食用菌食品质量安全供应链控制措施

近年来,我国食用菌产业发展迅速,由于食用菌的低盐、低脂、低糖、高蛋白等特性,成为新的健康食品。随着电子商务的发展,网购食品成为人们网络购物的重要内容之一,网购食用菌是促进食用菌产业发展的重要途径,人们逐渐更加关注网购食用菌食品质量安全问题。从供应链的角度,采用改进风险矩阵法,探索网购食用菌食品质量安全的关键控制点,探讨保证网购食用菌食品质量安全的控制措施。     

适度饥饿浅黄恩蚜小蜂对烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的寄生和取食选择

为评价释放前经历饥饿对浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia(GiraultDodd)寄生取食粉虱能力的影响,以3龄Q隐种烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci Q和温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum若虫为寄主,在2种粉虱单独或同时存在的情况下,比较释放前经适度饥饿、初羽化未饥饿和初羽化喂饲蜂蜜水3种处理的浅黄恩蚜小蜂对2种粉虱寄主的寄生和取食选择情况。结果表明,在2种粉虱单独存在时,经适度饥饿6 h的浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生的烟粉虱和温室白粉虱显著多于其它处理,而且能取食更多的温室白粉虱,经适度饥饿的寄生蜂在24 h内通过寄生和取食杀死烟粉虱和温室白粉虱的总量分别为12.5头和12.9头。在2种粉虱同时存在时,适度饥饿寄生蜂取食2种粉虱的总量明显高于其它处理,但不同处理间无显著差异,适度饥饿寄生蜂通过寄生和取食杀死2种粉虱的数量最多为11.5头,显著高于未饥饿处理的6.5头。表明释放前经历适度饥饿可以明显提高浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生和取食粉虱若虫的能力。     

Physico‐chemical characterization and in vitro digestibility of commercial feeds used in weaning of marine fish

Six different commercial feeds used in weaning and postweaning of marine fish were analysed from the perspective of some of their main physico‐chemical features and in vitro digestibility. While the range of particle sizes in dry state closely agreed to those claimed by the producing companies, dramatic changes were observed after suspension in water. Sedimentation rates measured in some of the feeds with higher particle sizes may be too high to ensure intake by young fish. The label claims of the products overestimate the amount of total protein but underestimate that of lipids. The analysis of amino acid profiles evidenced important differences in total amino acid composition between feeds of the same company but a great similitude in the profile of free amino acids (FAA). The evaluation of leaching evidenced that the fraction of FAA, which represented <2% of dry matter of the feeds, is quickly released in water, acting mainly as attractants. The in vitro digestibility assay evidenced significant differences in the bioaccessibility of the nitrogen fraction in some of the feeds by the digestive proteases of the sea bream (Sparus aurata).     

Agricultural Production Structure Optimization： A Case Study of Major Grain Producing Areas, China

A large number of mathematical models were developed for supporting agricultural production structure optimization decisions; however, few of them can address various uncertainties existing in many factors (e.g., eco-social benefit maximization, food security, employment stability and ecosystem balance). In this study, an interval-probabilistic agricultural production structure optimization model (IPAPSOM) is formulated for tackling uncertainty presented as discrete intervals and/or probability distribution. The developed model improves upon the existing probabilistic programming and inexact optimization approaches. The IPAPSOM considers not only food security policy constraints, but also involves rural households’income increase and eco-environmental conversation, which can effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in an agricultural production structure optimization system. Moreover, it can also help examine the reliability of satisfying (or risk of violating) system constraints under uncertainty. The model is applied to a real case of long-term agricultural production structure optimization in Dancheng County, which is located in Henan Province of Central China as one of the major grain producing areas. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system benefit conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify the desired agricultural production structure optimization strategy under uncertainty.