Evaluation of fish-meal free diets for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Eight experimental diets were formulated for rainbow trout using agricultural byproducts as major ingredients. Each experimental diet contained varying amounts of corn grain, corn gluten meal, corn gluten feed and one of the following: 200 g kg^?1 peanut meal, 200 or 400 g kg^?1 soybean meal (SBM), 390 g kg^?1 low-allergen soy flour, 310 g kg^?1 soy protein concentrate, 300 g kg^?1 low-allergen soy protein concentrate or 200 g kg^?1 SBM + 110 g kg^?1 blood meal. One diet contained 200 g kg^?1 SBM and canola oil as the main lipid source. The remaining diets contained 95 g kg^?1 menhaden oil. Fish fed a commercial trout diet exhibited significantly greater weight gain (322%), and a lower feed conversion ratio (0.89) but significantly lower protein efficiency ratio (2.18) than fish fed the experimental diets. Within the experimental diets, fish fed the 400 g kg^?1 soy flour diet and the 400 g kg^?1 soybean meal diet had significantly higher weight gains (276% and 268%) and protein efficiency ratios (2.58 and 2.52), and lower feed conversion ratios (1.02 and 1.03) than fish fed other experimental diets. Fillet flavour varied between treatments. Most notable was the lower fishy flavour and higher chicken flavour of fish fed the diet that contained canola oil rather than menhaden oil. Microscopic evaluation of the liver and five sections of the gastrointestinal tract failed to demonstrate any differences between treatment groups. The ingredient costs of several experimental diets were lower than the estimated cost of a standard commercial trout diet. However, the superior feed conversion ratios of fish fed the control diet resulted in lower feed costs per unit of fish produced.     

制粉系统各粉路面粉的糊化特性

为了了解研究小麦制粉系统各粉路面粉的糊化特性变化状况,以磨粉系统各粉路抽取的60个面粉样品为研究对象,测定样品的糊化参数。分析比较结果表明,粉路各系统之间和系统内面粉样品的糊化特性也存在着不同程度的差异。心磨系统、渣磨系统和重筛系统小麦粉糊化温度相对较低,起始糊化时间短,峰值粘度高,蛋白质含量适中;不同粉路中小麦粉的水分、蛋白质、起始糊化时间和糊化温度变化不大。而峰值粘度、回生值和热糊稳定性无论在系统之间或者系统内变化均十分明显;破损值相对变化范围较小。     

Influence of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in Korean wheat cultivars

The effects of protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten on end-use quality in 13 Korean wheat cultivars for three years were verified in this study. Year, cultivar, and the interaction between the year and the cultivar influenced protein characteristics, the proportion of gluten except for γ-and ω-gliadin using RP-HPLC(reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography), and end-use quality. Protein characteristics and the proportion of gluten in Korean wheat cultivars were between those of Australian standard white(ASW) and hard wheat(AH). Korean wheat cultivars exhibited a higher average α+β gliadin proportion than imported wheat, a γ-gliadin proportion similar to that of dark northern spring wheat, and the same ω-gliadin proportion as AH. They showed a bread-loaf volume intermediate between those of ASW and AH and a texture of cooked noodles similar to that of soft white wheat, but less springiness than imported wheat. The cookie diameter of Korean wheat cultivars was similar to that of hard red winter wheat. There was a correlation between bread-loaf volume and protein characteristics, except for the protein content in Korean wheat cultivars. Springiness and cohesiveness of cooked noodles were not correlated with protein characteristics, while hardness was correlated with the protein content and water absorption of a mixograph. Cookie diameter was negatively correlated with the sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) sedimentation volume and water absorption of a mixograph. The end-use quality was not correlated with any proportion of gluten composition. Principal component analysis(PCA) showed that the proportion of gluten was not related to the quality of the bread(both PCs, 81.3%), noodle(77.7%), and cookie(82.4%). PCA explained that Keumkang is suitable for superior bread, while Uri is good for cooked noodles and cookies.     

木薯全粉和木薯粉加工特性分析

以华南9号木薯块根为研究对象,利用不同加工工艺生产木薯全粉和木薯粉,分析比较10个主要加工特性指标差异,利用统计学方法分析其加工特性的相关性。结果表明:木薯粉的吸油性和相对粘度分别是木薯全粉的1.76和14.30倍,达到极显著差异,其他特性指标差异不显著。主成分统计分析表明,在第1主成分中,相对粘度和冻融稳定性2个指标的累积贡献率分别达到100.00%和95.05%,说明两者均是影响加工特性的关键因素。进一步相关性分析还表明,不同指标对木薯产品加工特性相关性不同,根据相关性系数排列,排名前5位分别是相对粘度、冻融稳定性、淀粉含量、吸水性和吸油性。     

不同热处理小米粉对小麦粉面团流变学特性的影响

为探究经过不同热处理的小米粉对小麦面团品质的影响,将小米粉分别进行膨化、蒸制和炒制热处理,经蒸制和炒制的小米粉按照0、5%、10%、15%、20%、25%、30%和35%的比例添加到小麦粉中,膨化小米粉按照0、2%、4%、6%和8%的比例添加到小麦粉中,分别对混合粉面团的流变学特性进行研究。结果表明,不同热处理小米粉的灰分、蛋白质、脂肪、总淀粉和总膳食纤维含量均下降,可溶性膳食纤维含量升高(炒制组除外)。不同热处理小米粉的添加量对小麦面团粉质特性和拉伸特性的影响存在显著差异(P0.05);面团的粉质特性随小米粉含量的增加而减弱;添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团粉质特性较好。随着小米粉含量的增加,添加膨化小米粉的面团的拉伸特性呈先增强后减弱的趋势,添加蒸制和炒制小米粉的面团的拉伸特性则逐渐减弱,且3个处理的拉伸特性都随醒面时间的延长有所增强,不同处理之间的拉伸特性差别不大。     

制备工艺对标签胶性能影响的研究

以脱脂大豆粉(SF)为原料制备豆粉标签胶,主要研究了制备工艺(包括液料比、尿素加量、交联剂加量、处理时间和处理温度)对豆粉标签胶黏度、粘接性能和耐水性能的影响,并借助红外光谱对标签胶进行分析与表征。研究结果表明,豆粉标签胶的最佳制备工艺为:m(水):m(SF)为3.0:1.0,尿素加量100%,交联剂加量4.5%(占SF质量),处理温度70℃,处理时间1.0 h。此条件制备的豆粉标签胶黏度为32450mPa.s,粘接力177 N,耐常温水性(20±2)℃≥104h,远高于标签胶行业标准规定的72 h要求。FT-IR分析表明,加入交联剂后,大豆蛋白在波数为1 168 cm~(-1)处产生新特征峰,这可能是该研究豆粉标签胶具有较佳耐水性能原因所在。     

Effect of allelic variation at the Glu-3/Gli-1 loci on breadmaking quality parameters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) encoded by the Glu-3 loci are known to contribute to wheat breadmaking quality. However, the specific effect of individual Glu-3 alleles is not well understood due to their complex protein banding patterns in SDS-PAGE and tight linkage with gliadins at the Gli-1 locus. Using DNA markers and a backcross program, we developed a set of nine near isogenic lines (NILs) including different Glu-A3/Gli-A1 or Glu-B3/Gli-B1 alleles in the genetic background of the Argentine variety ProINTA Imperial. The nine NILs and the control were evaluated in three different field trials in Argentina. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions were detected for most quality parameters indicating that the effects of the Glu-3/Gli-1 alleles are modulated by environmental differences. None of the NILs showed differences in total flour protein content, but relative changes in the abundance of particular classes of proteins cannot be ruled out. On average, the Glu-A3f, Glu-B3b, Glu-B3g and Glu-B3i_Man alleles were associated with the highest values in gluten strength-related parameters, while Glu-A3e, Glu-B3a and Glu-B3i_Chu were consistently associated with weak gluten and low quality values. The value of different Glu-3/Gli-1 allele combinations to improve breadmaking quality is discussed.     

Effect of wheat germ flour addition on wheat flour,dough and Chinese steamed bread properties

Wheat germ flour (WGF) has been developed as a functional food ingredient with high nutritional value. In this study, WGF was applied in steamed bread-making in order to improve the quality of Chinese steamed bread (CSB). Partial substitution of wheat flour with WGF at levels of 3%, 6%, 9% and 12% (w/w) was carried out to investigate physicochemical properties of blends and their steaming performance. Falling number (FN) values of composite flours ranged from 199 to 223 s. Viscosity analysis results showed that wheat flour mixed with WGF had higher pasting temperature and lower viscosities. Dough rheological properties were also investigated using farinograph and extensograph. The addition of WGF diluted the gluten protein in dough and formed weak and inextensible dough, which can be studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. CSB made with WGF had significantly lower volume, specific volume and higher spread ratio. The sensory acceptability and physicochemical quality of CSB were improved with the application of a low level of WGF (3% and 6%). However, results showed that a high level of WGF over 9% is not recommended because of unsatisfactory taste. As a whole, addition of appropriate level of WGF in wheat flour could improve the quality of CSB.     

Optimisation of rheological properties of gluten-free doughs with HPMC,psyllium and different levels of water

Hydrocolloids have traditionally been investigated as an alternative to gluten for making good quality products for coeliac patients. This study investigated the interactions between hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) (2–4 g/100 g of flour), psyllium (0–4 g/100 g of flour) and water level (90–110 g/100 g of flour) in gluten-free breadmaking. Psyllium incorporation reduced the pasting temperature and compliance values, and increased elastic (G′) and viscous (G″) moduli values. In contrast, HPMC addition had no important effects on pasting properties and compliance values, but also increased G′ and G″ values. Psyllium inclusion reduced bread specific volume and increased bread hardness, while there were hardly differences in the bread specific volume and hardness between the percentages of HPMC studied. In addition, when the dough hydration level was increased, there was a decrease in the influence of hydrocolloids on dough rheology and specific volume and hardness of breads.     

面粉品质及组分对小麦淀粉和谷朊粉分离效果的影响

对小麦淀粉和谷朊粉的生产方法,即面团水洗法和离心分离法进行了概述;论述淀粉与谷朊粉分离对面粉品质的要求,以及面粉主要组分(蛋白质、淀粉、非淀粉多糖、脂类)对小麦淀粉和谷朊粉分离效果的影响。