粗粮型羊乳奶泡加工工艺的响应面优化

以羊乳、玉米面为主要原料,以产品的感官评分和硬度为响应值,利用响应面分析法对粗粮型羊乳奶泡的加工工艺进行优化。结果表明：最佳工艺参数为：玉米面与羊乳比例（m/V）0.435∶1、木糖醇与蔗糖比例（m/m）约0.712∶1、蔗糖酯（以质量分数计,下同）0.18%、β-环状糊精2.8%,柠檬酸0.0958%、明胶1.994%。研制出的产品不仅外观光滑、色泽均匀、口感清凉且甜度适中、兼有羊乳和玉米面的特有香味,感官分值达95.48分,硬度为371.95 g,适合于绝大部分人群,产品中的营养物质和保健成分也得以最大程度保留。     

面粉及制品中的氨基脲的测定

通过建立氨基脲的高效液相色谱串联质谱测定方法,对面粉及不同制品中的氨基脲进行了研究。将样品在酸性条件下样品进行水解,邻硝基苯甲醛衍生,HLB固相萃取柱净化,内标法定量。目标物的检出限能达到0.5μg/kg,工作曲线均呈良好线性,相关系数r>0.99,回收率为95%～102.0%,相对标准偏差5.9%～9.1%。     

基肥配施和拔节期追氮对糯玉米粉糊化特性的影响

【目的】明确氮、磷、钾基肥配施和拔节期追氮量对糯玉米粉糊化特性的影响。【方法】以国家南方区糯玉米区域试验对照品种苏玉糯5号和渝糯7号为材料,采用裂区设计,研究氮、磷、钾基肥配施和拔节期追氮对糯玉米粉糊化特性的影响。【结果】基肥配施和拔节期追氮单因素及其互作对糯玉米粉糊化特征值有显著影响。基肥配施对糊化特征值（崩解值除外）的影响大于拔节期追氮处理。基肥配施处理下,氮磷钾均施时糯玉米粉糊化温度适中,其它糊化特征值较高;随着拔节期追氮量增加,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度和崩解值呈先升后降趋势,回复值逐渐增加,糊化温度相对稳定。秋播糯玉米峰值黏度、谷值黏度、终值黏度较高,回复值、崩解值和糊化温度较低。与渝糯7号相比,苏玉糯5号具有较低的峰值黏度、崩解值,较高的谷值黏度、终值黏度、回复值和糊化温度。相关分析表明,峰值黏度、谷值黏度、崩解值和终值黏度两两显著正相关,且回复值与谷值黏度和终值黏度显著正相关。【结论】糯玉米生产中,秋播处理下氮、磷、钾均衡基施并拔节期适量追氮,可调优糯玉米糊化特性。     

偶联剂对竹粉/LDPE复合材料动态流变性能的影响

【目的】分析3种偶联剂对竹粉/LDPE(聚乙烯塑料)复合材料相容性及分散性的影响,为偶联剂在竹塑复合材料加工中的应用提供参考。【方法】利用国家标准方法,分别测定加入MAPP、MAPE、YB-510 3种偶联剂后竹粉/LDPE复合材料的力学性能,通过HAAKE MARSⅢ旋转流变仪,分别测定3种复合材料的储存模量G′、损耗模量G″随应变、温度、频率的变化。【结果】竹粉/LDPE复合材料的储存模量G′、损耗模量G″均随着应变的增大而减小,储存模量G′还随温度的增大而减小,随频率的增大而增大;相同应变时,加入MAPE的复合体系的储存模量G′、损耗模量G″均最大,加入YB-510的体系次之,加入MAPP的体系最小;相同温度时,加入MAPP的复合体系的储存模量G′最小,总体上,加入YB-510体系的储存模量G′小于加入MAPE体系,但在165℃左右时相等;相同频率时,加入MAPE的复合体系的储存模量G′最大,加入MAPP的体系次之,加入YB-510的体系最小。【结论】3种偶联剂MAPP、MAPE、YB-510均能改善竹粉与低密度聚乙烯的相容性,但以MAPP的改善效果最好;而在增强体系均匀程度和改善加工性能方面,以YB-510的效果最好。     

南方馒头加工工艺优化

为获得制作南方馒头的最适工艺参数,探究了和面时间、醒发时间、醒发温度、醒发湿度、压面次数、辊轴宽度对南方馒头比容、色度L值、硬度、弹性、黏着性及综合品质得分的影响,以南方馒头品质综合得分为评价指标,通过单因素及正交试验优化得出南方馒头最佳工艺条件为:和面时间3 min,醒发湿度80％,醒发时间30 min,醒发温度40℃,压面12次,辊轴宽度5.5 cm.在此条件下,南方馒头的品质综合得分为3.26.     

天然木粉在包裹控释尿素上的应用

为探究木质纤维素类有机物在缓/控释肥上的应用效果,采用静水浸泡法,研究了3种天然木粉包裹控释尿素(CRU20、CRU25、CRU30)在常温条件下的养分释放规律,以及不同温度、pH值和水肥比对控释尿素养分释放规律的影响。结果表明:1)包裹控释尿素的缓释期随着包裹量的增大而变长,CRU20、CRU25、CRU30的理论缓释期分别为36、54,121d,不同的包裹量表现出不同的释放曲线模式。2)氮素释放速率受温度和pH值的影响较大,不同水肥比的差异不明显。3)包裹控释尿素释放机理为"崩溃"机制。天然木粉包裹控释尿素具有很好的推广应用价值。     

Preparation nutritional value and acceptability of barleyrabadi — an indigenous fermented food of India

Rabadi fermentation of barley flour-buttermilk mixture (fresh and autoclaved) at 30, 35 and 40°C for 6, 12, 18, 24 and 48 h lowered pH, enhanced titratable acidity and did not change fat and total mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and P) content. Protein content of fermented fresh as well as autoclaved barley flour-buttermilk mixture either decreased or remained unchanged.Rabadi prepared from both types of barley flour at different temperatures and time periods was acceptable; but that which was fermented at 40°C for 48 h was less acceptable in terms of taste.     

Thermal degradation kinetics of bioactive compounds from black rice flour (Oryza sativa L.) extracts

The effect of thermal processing on the degradation of the phytochemicals in black rice flour by means of fluorescence spectroscopy and degradation kinetics was investigated. In order to investigate the influence of food matrices, a comparative analysis between integral rice flour and different fractions was performed. The preliminary compositional results suggested a higher content in phytochemicals in fraction four of the seven fractions of black rice flour, which was sifting through a sieve with a diameter of 180 μm. The compositional complexity was highlighted by fluorescence spectroscopy. The heat-treatment caused structural changes that led to red- or blue-shifts in maximum emission. The first-order kinetic model was used to describe the mechanism of degradation. The activation energies were 10.07 ± 1.04 kJ/mol for total polyphenolic, 7.26 ± 0.58 kJ/mol for total monomeric anthocyanins and 6.71 ± 1.12 kJ/mol for antioxidant activity in case of integral flour extract. For fraction four extract obtained by, the E_a values were: 3.51 ± 0.53 kJ/mol, 11.49 ± 1.47 kJ/mol, 15.80 ± 1.50 kJ/mol and 19.91 ± 3.27 kJ/mol, respectively. The calculated values of the activation energy revealed higher temperature dependence of total polyphenols in integral flour and of antioxidant activity in fraction four, respectively.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. I. Background,objectives, and procedural details

Short-term feeding studies have shown that raw soy flour and purified trypsin inhibitors (TI) cause pancreatic hypertrophy and hyperplasia in certain monogastric animals. Prolonged exposure to high levels of TI in raw soy ultimately leads to pancreatic nodular hyperplasia and acinar cell adenoma in rats exposed to low levels of pancreatic carcinogens. Such change has been observed even in the absence of any exposure to known carcinogens. These results emphasized the need for chronic (2 yr) feeding trials which would clearly reveal dose response relationships of alterations in pancreatic pathology to dietary TI and possible interactions with dietary protein and fat.Here we report on the objectives and designs of the first phase of the USDA TI Study, including composition of diets, preparation, and analyses of test substances. To provide the requisite TI and protein levels, raw and heated defatted soy flours, soy protein isolates, and lactic casein were used. The interrelationship of dietary level of TI (93–1270 mg/100 g diet) and that of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%) to pancreatic function and pathology will be reported in the following three papers. Both serial and chronic sacrifice regimes, respectively, were employed with 26 diets and 40 weaning male Wistar rats per dietary group.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

The USDA trypsin inhibitor study. II. Timed related biochemical changes in the pancreas of rats

A total of 600 rats was distributed equally among 15 diets formulated from mixtures of raw and toasted soy flour and casein so as to provide 5 different levels of trypsin inhibitor (TI) at 3 levels of protein (10%, 20%, and 30%). Animals were sacrificed at the end of 6 months and at 3-month intervals thereafter over a period of 22 months. Increases in the secretory activity of the pancreas, as measured by trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas and small intestines, were associated with increasingly higher levels of TI and protein but did not change appreciably with time. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the pancreas, as reflected by changes in pancreas weight and RNA and DNA content, developed at an early stage (6 months) and were likewise positively correlated with the levels of TI and protein in the diet. Although the hypertrophic response remained unchanged with time, hyperplasia became more pronounced as the period of exposure to TI was prolonged. The peptide test confirmed the stimulatory effect of TI on the pancreas, but some functional impairment was noted in those animals which had been fed raw soy flour for 18 months of or longer. The appearance of nodules on the pancreas was observed by gross inspection after 15 months, and these became larger and more numerous with time. The incidence of nodules was highly correlated with the level of TI in the diet and was highest when the diet contained 20% protein.