稻田对池塘养殖肥水的吸收利用效果研究

池塘养殖废水由于富含氮、磷等营养物质,故有时又称其为养殖肥水。为了实现养殖废水零排放的目标,进行了池塘养殖水灌溉稻田的试验。结果表明,①稻田对来自养殖池塘的灌溉水中的营养物质具有明显的吸收效果,尤其对NO3--N和TP。池塘养殖水在田间滞留8h以上,就有一定吸收效果：对TN、TP、NO3--N、NH4＋-N和CODMn...     

西南弱光地区机插杂交籼稻“减穴稳苗”栽培的群体冠层质量特征

【目的】探明机插条件下减穴稳苗配置对杂交籼稻群体冠层质量的影响,为西南弱光稻区杂交籼稻机插栽培技术的推广应用提供理论支撑。【方法】2016—2017年采用两因素随机区组田间试验,因素1,2年均为不同田间配置,设常规配置（30 cm×12 cm）和减穴稳苗（30 cm×23 cm）;因素2,2016年为不同株型水稻品种（F优498,中后期株叶型松散;宜香优2115,中后期株叶型上紧下披）,2017年为不同基本苗（42×10⁴/hm²和63×10⁴/hm²）;研究了不同田间配置对机插杂交籼稻群体冠层结构、光合特性和微环境（冠层温度、湿度和透光率）的影响。【结果】（1）减穴稳苗齐穗期能维持与常规配置相当的单茎绿叶面积、粒叶比和上三叶比叶重,其中2017年倒二叶与倒三叶比叶重显著增大;齐穗期剑叶光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率分别较常规配置显著提高23.84%、23.53%和13.79%。（2）较常规配置,减穴稳苗显著增大各时期冠层幅度,提高冠层透光率,降低收敛指数,群体通透性更好;减穴稳苗处理提高了2016年F优498孕穗期和齐穗期的一次分蘖角度,而宜香优2115的一次分蘖角度2年均表现为减穴稳苗小于常规配置。（3）相关分析表明,孕穗期冠层日均温、昼夜温差和昼夜湿差与齐穗期剑叶和倒二叶比叶重呈显著或极显著正相关,与齐穗期收敛指数呈显著负相关;此外,孕穗期冠层日均温和昼夜湿差还与齐穗期冠层幅度呈显著正相关;齐穗期冠层日均温和昼夜温差与分蘖盛期、拔节期及齐穗后20 d的一次分蘖角度呈显著或极显著负相关,日均相对湿度则相反。减穴稳苗有效地改善了植株冠层结构,从而显著提高孕穗期和齐穗期的冠层温度和昼夜温差,提高孕穗期、齐穗期和齐穗后20 d的昼夜湿差,并显著降低日均相对湿度。【结论】减穴稳苗田间配置优化了机插杂交稻的群体冠层结构和光分布,增大了群体内部昼夜温差和湿差,降低了相对湿度,提高了群体质量和光合速率,为高产稳产奠定了基础,是西南弱光稻区进一步推进机插秧发展的重要技术途径。     

棉田昆虫群落及时间生态位研究

通过对棉田昆虫群落结构和时间生态位的研究,共记录昆虫39种,隶属9个目,30个科.在害虫种群中,棉叶蝉种内竞争最为激烈,棉蚜的竞争最缓和;大青叶蝉与棉叶蝉的竞争作用强,朱砂叶螨与棉叶蝉的竞争作用弱;在天敌种群中,异色瓢虫种内竞争最激烈,龟纹瓢虫最为缓和;龟纹瓢虫与异色瓢虫的生态位重叠最大,异色瓢虫与棉蚜茧蜂的生态位重叠最小.龟纹瓢虫、中华草蛉与棉田主要害虫的重叠较大,说明龟纹瓢虫和中华草蛉对棉田主要害虫的跟随和控制作用较强.     

苏南平原稻田灌排水系统中氮磷平衡状况

应用大型原状模拟土柱,对苏南平原典型稻田灌排水系统中,养分的输入输出平衡状况进行定位监测和分析。初步结果表明:稻田生态系统每季水分消耗量在890~1 320 mm之间。稻田能净化灌溉水中养分,不同施肥处理稻田对NH4+-N、NO3--N和TP的净化量分别为10.7~12.3、6.8~9.2和-1.2~2.0kg hm-2。稻田养分淋溶量随着施肥量的增加而增加,但养分净化量与化肥用量之间没有很好的相关性,秸秆对养分净化量的影响不明显,而猪粪明显降低了稻田养分净化量,甚至成为周围水体磷素污染源。稻田对灌溉水中的NH4+-N在整个水稻生长期间均起到净化作用,对NO3--N在水稻生长初期有淋溶风险,而对TP,除了猪粪处理,稻田均呈现出净化作用。     

化肥配施生物炭对稻田田面水氮磷流失风险影响

在控制外源氮输入相同的前提下,通过大田试验研究生物炭部分替代化肥作为底肥,不同生物炭施用量(5、10、20 t·hm~(-2))对水稻生长期内稻田田面水氮磷迁移转化特征的影响。研究结果表明:各处理的田面水总氮、硝氮、铵氮浓度在施肥后第3 d达到最高,然后迅速下降,并逐渐稳定;田面水总磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内增幅较小,而后迅速下降至稳定,施加生物炭对田面水总磷的影响不大;可溶性磷浓度在施肥后2~4 d内处于平稳下降的状态,之后迅速下降至稳定。稻田施肥后10 d内是控制氮磷流失的最佳时段。采用生物炭代替部分化肥的施肥方式,在一定范围内能降低稻田田面水的氮磷浓度,稻田退水氮、磷的输出负荷分别减少了39%~50%和38%~50%,显著提高了水稻生态效益。通过综合效益评估可知,施加5 t生物炭代替化肥是综合效益最高的施肥方法,该施肥方式下氮、磷的年输出负荷分别为16.83、1.89 kg·hm~(-2)。     

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒研究进展

斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒杀虫剂是一种新型的生物农药,从分子生物学、病毒流行学、对非靶标生物的毒性、工厂化生产及田间药效等方面阐述了斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的研究进展.     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.     

纳米硒喷施对绿豆芽生长特性、营养品质、酚类含量和抗氧化性的影响

为筛选出生产富硒绿豆芽最适宜的喷施浓度,采用不同浓度(0.00、0.06、0.19、0.38和0.57 mmol/L)纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽,测定其生长指标(根长、下胚轴长和下胚轴茎粗)、营养指标(可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和抗坏血酸)、抗氧化酶活性(超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶)、酚类含量(总酚和总黄酮)、ABTS自由基清除力及硒含量。结果表明:纳米硒对绿豆芽生长具有双重效应,低浓度纳米硒能够促进生长,高浓度纳米硒对绿豆芽有毒害作用,会抑制其正常生长。0.19 mmol/L浓度纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽的效果最佳,其下胚轴茎粗比对照提高2.91%,下胚轴长提高38.70%;可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖及抗坏血酸含量分别增加31.67%、 51.18%和44.32%;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别提升108.04%和59.45%;同时总酚、总黄酮含量分别提高了88.37%和26.81%。而且0.19 mmol/L纳米硒喷施处理绿豆芽中硒含量为3.04 mg/kg,在安全标准范围内。因此,生产富硒绿豆芽以0.06～0.19 mmol/L纳米硒浓度喷施最佳。     

苗木切根技术研究进展

精准培育的理念已经渗入到森林培育的各个环节。切根作为干扰根系最为重要的技术,也受到越来越多地重视。切根可以划分为芽苗切根、苗期切根和起苗后切根等3种类型,把平截、扭根、侧方修根、盒式修根等称为苗期切根,是狭义切根范畴。结合苗木形态指标、生理指标和造林效果,综述每一类型的切根对苗木质量和造林效果的影响。以辐射松为代表的主根发达树种,通过芽苗切根、苗期的平截和扭根,抑制根系顶端优势,从而降低苗木高生长,促进侧根发育,形成发达、紧凑的根系,调整苗木地上和地下比例,最终提高苗木造林效果。以花旗松为代表的慢生常绿树种,侧根较为发达,切根效果不一。苗木平截和扭根后,内源激素、矿质营养、碳水化合物、水分等均会发生变化,这种变化如何影响苗木质量的机制尚不明确。     

Genetic characteristics of Streptococcus dysgalactiae isolated from cage cultured cobia,Rachycentron canadum (L.)

Disease outbreaks occurred during 2007–2013 in Taiwan with 2.5–10% mortality among the cage cultured cobia, Rachycentron canadum (L.), characterized by the presence of polyserositis, pericarditis and peritonitis. The micro‐organisms isolated from internal organs were Gram‐positive cocci. The isolates were confirmed as Streptococcus dysgalactiae by a polymerase chain reaction assay that yielded the expected specific 259 bp amplicon. Additionally, partial sequence of the 16S–23S rDNA intergenic spacer region of the GCS strain isolates from fish was also compared and produced 100% sequence identity with S. dysgalactiae (GenBank accession number AB252398 ). The genetic characterization was then determined by pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Based on PFGE, the Apa I or Sma I digestion patterns of chromosomal DNA of these isolates were grouped into three main clusters. Taiwanese strains were divided into two clusters, and the tet(M) gene was detected in cluster 1 (pulsotypes: A1–A2 and S1–S3), but not in cluster 2 strains (pulsotypes: A3–A4 and S4–S5). Three Japanese strains from amberjack, Seriola dumerili (Risso), were grouped into cluster 3 (pulsotypes: A5–A7 and S6–S8) and displayed no mortality to cobia in the challenge experiment. Conversely, Taiwanese strains from cobia and snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii (L.), displayed a mortality rate of 50–87.5% in cobia.