可消化纤维替代蛋白质对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响

文章旨在研究日粮不同可消化纤维与蛋白质比例对肉兔生长性能、能量和氮平衡及盲肠内容物组分的影响。试验选择32 d断奶的肉兔120只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复5只。试验日粮分为4种,日粮可消化纤维与蛋白质比例分别为1.0(处理1组)、1.15(处理2组)、1.35(处理3组)和1.55(处理4组),试验共进行6周。结果 :处理3、4组较处理1、2组显著提高中性洗涤的表观消化系数(P <0.05),较处理1组显著提高了酸性洗涤纤维和粗纤维表观消化系数(P <0.05)。处理1组半纤维素表观消化系数最低(P <0.05),但可消化蛋白质和蛋能比最高(P <0.05)。处理1组较其他三组显著提高了氮的摄入量(P <0.05),处理3、4组较处理1组显著提高了能量沉积系数(P <0.05),日龄和日粮对尿氮排泄量和氮沉积量的影响具有显著交互效应(P <0.05)。处理1组较处理4组显著提高了盲肠内容物干物质含量(P <0.05)。结论 :日粮采用高比例可消化纤维替代蛋白质可以降低肉兔生长后期粪氨气和尿氮排泄量,提高氮沉积量。     

不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、抗氧化和空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响

本试验是在国家"粮改饲"的大背景下,旨在研究不同比例全株玉米青贮饲粮对生长育肥猪生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin分布和表达的影响。选取胎次、体质量相近(33.16±3.49)kg的生长育肥猪(杜×长×大)32头,随机分为4个处理,每个处理8个重复。对照组(SC0)饲喂基础饲粮,营养水平参照NY/T65-2004瘦肉型猪标准供给,20～60 kg生长猪试验组分别为20%(ESC20),30%(ESC30),40%(ESC40)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上的营养水平分别为对照组的98%、96%,94%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,3.5%,4.0%,4.5%。60～100 kg育肥猪试验组分别为40%(LSC40),50%(LSC50),60%(LSC60)发酵青贮全株玉米饲粮,使干物质基础上营养水平分别为对照组的97%,94%,91%,使4个处理的粗纤维水平分别为3.0%,4.0%,5.0%,5.5%,各处理饲粮干物质基础养分含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。预饲期7 d,正式期98 d。结果表明,随着饲粮全株玉米比例的增加,生长育肥猪的末质量、平均日增质量(ADG)、血清铜蓝蛋白(CER)、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度(IOD)和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均呈线性降低(P<0.05),而新鲜基础采食量(ADFI)、日粗纤维采食量(ADCFI)、干物质采食量(ADDFI)和料质量比均呈线性升高(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,ESC20/LSC40和ESC30/LSC50全株玉米处理组的生产性能、血清和肝脏抗氧化以及空肠ghrelin的表达均差异不显著(P>0.05);但是,ESC40/LSC60全株玉米处理组的末质量、ADG、CER、空肠ghrelin阳性反应累积光密度和空肠ghrelin mRNA相对表达量均显著降低(P<0.05)。新鲜全株玉米可用作生长育肥猪的低营养水平饲粮配制,并能保障生产性能,改善猪的健康状况。生长猪适宜的全株青贮玉米使用比例为20%～30%,育肥猪适宜的使用比例为全株青贮玉米40%～50%。此结果为国家"粮改饲"政策的实施及全株保鲜玉米在猪生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

Net energy content of five fiber‐rich ingredients fed to pregnant sows

The present study was conducted to determine the net energy (NE) values and energy efficiency of wheat bran (WB), sugar beet pulp (SBP), corn gluten feed (CGF), soybean hulls (SBH), and defatted rice bran (DFRB) fed to pregnant sows. Thirty‐six multiparous pregnant sows were randomly assigned to six dietary treatments with six replicates per treatment. Each period lasted for 21 days including 14 days for adaptation. On day 15, sows were moved into respiration chambers for heat production (HP) measurement and provided feed at 544 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day. On day 20, sows were fasted to measure the fasting heat production (FHP). Experimental diets included corn‐soybean meal basal diet and five diets containing 29.20% WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB, respectively. Results showed that inclusion of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB to basal diet decreased (p < 0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of energy and nutrients. The average adjusted total HP and FHP were 418 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day and 326 kJ/kg BW^0.75/day, respectively. The average NE:ME ratio of experiment diets was 82.5%. In conclusion, the NE values of WB, SBP, CGF, SBH, and DFRB were 9.05, 8.59, 8.37, 7.64, and 7.93 MJ/kg DM, respectively.     

饲粮物理有效纤维与谷物瘤胃可降解淀粉平衡影响奶牛咀嚼活动和养分表观消化率

饲粮物理有效纤维是一个兼顾物理特性和化学特性表达饲粮纤维营养价值的指标,它对奶牛咀嚼活动、瘤胃功能、机体健康状态等具有重要作用。谷物中含有的瘤胃可降解淀粉是微生物合成菌体蛋白的主要能量来源。饲粮物理有效纤维与谷物瘤胃可降解淀粉之间存在一定的平衡关系。本文对饲粮物理有效纤维和瘤胃可降解淀粉以及二者的组合效应对奶牛咀嚼活动和表观消化率的影响进行了综述,以期进一步加深对饲粮碳水化合物的平衡关系的理解。     

The Genetic Research Progress of Fiber and Wool Quality in Cashmere Goat

Fiber and wool quality not only affects the economic benefits of cashmere goat breeding, but also affects the quality of wool textiles. In recent years, fluff quality has declined with cashmere yield improvement. In order to improve production efficiency, improving fluff quality is imperative in the production process. At the same time, fiber and wool quality is important parameters of selection in breeding of goats. The main traits of controlling the fluff quality are quantitative traits. It can be to find the number of main effect genes by quantitative genetics and molecular genetics and to study its growth mechanism and gene expression. In this review, we summarize the recent achievements of the quality of cashmere, including the use of phenotypic select to improve the quality of the fluff and finding the genetics of controlling the quality of cashmere, for example, HOX,BMP,KAP genes and pigments, and beginning to find the corresponding control target trait QTL and different sequences of SNPs by GWAS analysis to improve the quality by genotype selection, in order to improve the quality of cashmere and provide reference to study the cashmere quality of genetic factors for later research.     

Partitioning of C-photosynthates from different current shoots neighboring with fruiting spur in later-maturing Japanese pear during the period of rapid fruit growth

To elucidate the fate of photosynthates from different current shoots and their influence on fruit growth and bud differentiation in neighboring spur complex during the period of rapid fruit growth in two late-maturing Japanese pear cultivars: ‘Atago’ and ‘Shinkou’ with contrasting fruit size, ¹³C labeling of single shoot was done to investigate of C-relations in fruit branches of eight shoot-combinations. The results showed that all of the current shoots investigated (bourse shoots of nonfruiting spur, bourse shoots of fruiting spur, extension shoot, nonfruiting spur, vegetative shoot, and water sprout) could export photosynthates to the neighboring fruit and buds. Water sprouts together with vegetative shoots, bourse shoots, and extension shoots are important source for fruit growth after shoot growth termination during the period of rapid fruit growth in production of late-maturing pears. The carbon transfer rate from the neighboring to the fruit bearing spur is depent (i) on the types of shoot which acts as C source, (ii) on the position of the fruiting spur and (iii) on the source-sink distance. Furthermore, the cultivar difference in carbon partitioning from different current shoot-combinations confirmed that the movement of photosynthates into the fruit was determined by sink strength of the fruit, and ‘Atago’ exhibited a greater relative sink strength of fruit than ‘Shinkou’. In addition, vegetative shoots are very important C sources for fruit growth in ‘Atago’ and the growth pattern of bourse shoot seriously affects C allocated to fruit in ‘Shinkou’.     

补喂复合益生菌对3~6月龄伊犁马粪便纤维含量、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和血浆细胞因子水平的影响

试验旨在研究补喂复合益生菌对3~6月龄伊犁马粪便纤维含量、VFA浓度和血浆细胞因子水平的影响。选取体重相近（90.23 kg±11.02 kg）、健康状况良好的3月龄伊犁马哺乳马驹10匹,随机分为2组,每组5匹,分别为对照组和试验组。在分阶段补喂等量营养水平的精料补充料和苜蓿干草的基础上,试验组每匹马驹每天补喂0.075 g（2×10¹¹ CFU/g）枯草芽孢杆菌和0.133 g（3×10¹⁰ CFU/g）植物乳杆菌复合菌,进行为期90 d的饲养试验。结果显示,补喂复合益生菌能够显著或极显著降低马驹粪便中酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）和淀粉的含量（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,分别比对照组低3.50%和11.32%;显著或极显著提高马驹粪便中乙酸和丙酸的浓度（P < 0.05;P < 0.01）,分别比对照组高14.65%和64.29%;极显著提高血浆中肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）的水平（P < 0.01）,比对照组高16.17%。由此可见,补喂复合益生菌能够降低马驹粪便中纤维的含量、提高挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）的浓度,增加3~6月龄伊犁马血浆细胞因子水平。     

日粮蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维水平对幼龄反刍动物生长发育影响的研究进展

幼龄阶段是反刍动物生长中非常重要的阶段,这一时期的营养供应、生长发育状况和瘤胃发育程度决定了其成年后的生产性能和繁殖效率。由于幼龄阶段消化代谢系统发育不完善且具有极强的可塑性,此阶段日粮的营养水平,尤其是蛋白质和中性洗涤纤维（NDF）水平,在反刍动物发育过程中发挥着非常重要的作用。在生产实践中,营养供给不足或超量供给都会影响幼畜的生长发育及健康状况,这种情况甚至会伴随其一生。而幼龄反刍动物日粮中蛋白质和纤维水平对生长性能和胃肠道发育的调节具有决定性的作用。适量提高日粮中蛋白质水平,可提高幼龄反刍动物的生长发育程度,并由于饲料中瘤胃微生物可利用氮浓度的提高而提高了营养物质消化率和瘤胃的发育。在保证精饲料充足的情况下,提高日粮中NDF水平可提高幼龄反刍动物开食料的采食量,提高生长性能和促进瘤胃发育,同时也伴随着营养物质消化率的提高。但由于试验动物或原料来源不同,在相关试验中仍存在不同的试验结果。为此,作者针对日粮中不同蛋白质和NDF水平对幼龄反刍动物生长发育、营养物质消化率和瘤胃发育的影响,以及出现不同试验结果的原因进行总结和探讨,以期为解决幼龄反刍动物的饲养管理问题、提高其饲养效率提供理论依据。     

藏羊与小尾寒羊心肌结构及HIF低氧因子的表达研究

为了研究藏羊与小尾寒羊在心脏组织学上的结构差异以及hif低氧适应因子在两者心脏组织中的表达含量差异。试验采用了组织学技术手段与实时荧光定量技术,研究心脏组织结构特点与心肌各个部位hif基因的相对表达含量。结果表明,藏羊心肌纤维显著发达于小尾寒羊;藏羊心肌hif显著高于小尾寒羊,在个体样本中右心hif表达量显著高于左心。因此可以推测心肌的发达程度和hif因子的高量表达对于机体适应高原环境有重大的意义。     

褪黑激素对长毛兔产毛性能及兔毛品质的影响

试验旨在研究褪黑激素(Melatonin,MT)对长毛兔夏季产毛的影响。选择1.5岁左右的皖系长毛兔60只,其中公兔40只,母兔20只,随机分为4组,分别皮下埋植0、25、40、55 mg的褪黑激素,经过70 d的养毛期后测定各组产毛量及粗毛和细毛的长度变化差异,分析褪黑激素对长毛兔产毛性能的影响。结果显示:公兔40 mg埋植组产毛量显著高于埋植前产毛量(P<0.05),55 mg埋植组产毛量显著高于对照组产毛量(P<0.05);母兔对照组试验后剪毛量显著低于试验前剪毛量(331.0 g vs 284.8 g,P<0.05),而3个褪黑激素埋植组试验后产毛量下降幅度并不显著(P>0.05)。皮下埋植40 mg或55 mg褪黑激素能够增加皖系长毛兔公兔或母兔的粗毛长度,但对细毛长度和兔毛细度均无显著影响(P>0.05)。说明长毛兔皮下埋植40 mg和55 mg褪黑激素能够提高公兔夏季产毛量且抑制母兔夏季产毛量的降低,同时增加公、母兔粗毛长度。研究结果可为褪黑激素的合理利用提供参考,并为揭示其对促进长毛兔夏季兔毛生长的作用机制奠定基础。