Influences of Forest Decline on Various Properties of Soils at Mt. Hirugatake, Tanzawa Mountains, Kanto District, Japan

At Mt. Hirugatake in the Tanzawa Mountains, Kanto district, Japan, the deciduous broadleaved forests have rapidly declined. In our previous studies, we reported that the amount of soil organic matter had significantly decreased at the early and final stages of forest decline, and that the soil microbial biomass also showed a large decrease at these stages, suggesting that the composition of soil organic matter might have also changed with forest decline. To clarify the influences of forest decline on the composition of soil organic matter, the amount of humic substances, optical properties of humic acid, and the amount of soil carbohydrates in surface soils at different stages of forest decline were investigated. The amounts of humic acid and fulvic acid decreased to a lesser extent at the early and middle stages of forest decline, and showed a significant decrease at the final stage. As the amount of humin significantly decreased at the early stage, it was plausible that the distinct decrease in the total carbon content of the soil surface horizons at the early stage of forest decline was induced by the decrease in the amount of humin, and at the final stage, by the decrease in the amounts of humic acid and fulvic acid. The amount of soil carbohydrates did not change appreciably with forest decline although the soil organic matter content markedly decreased. It was suggested that most of the carbohydrates in the soil surface horizons were in a stabilized form consisting of complexes with humic substances, metals, and minerals, and would not be affected by the environmental changes associated with forest decline.     

鸡粪的施用对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

为了探讨鸡粪以及鸡粪与尿素配施对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及糖代谢相关酶活性的影响,本试验以薄皮甜瓜DX108为试验材料,以尿素为氮源的处理为对照(CK),研究了相同施氮量条件下,鸡粪与尿素配施(A)以及鸡粪(B)对甜瓜果实葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖含量的影响,分析了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS,蔗糖合成与分解方向)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性。结果表明,与CK相比,B、A明显促进了果实中果糖、蔗糖及葡萄糖积累,尤其是显著增加了成熟果实中这3种糖的含量。相关性分析表明,CK的甜瓜果实蔗糖积累与AI活性呈显著负相关,葡萄糖与SPS和SS(蔗糖合成酶)合成方向酶活性呈显著正相关;A和B果实中蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖积累(除B中葡萄糖积累)与SPS、NI活性呈显著或极显著正相关,与SS分解方向酶活性呈极显著负相关,而A果实中葡萄糖积累与SPS和NI活性呈极显著正相关。综上所述,A和B提高了果实中SPS、NI活性,降低了SS分解方向酶活性,进而促进了糖的积累。本研究结果为有机肥替代化学氮肥在甜瓜生产上的应用提供了理论依据。     

莲雾碳水化合物及矿质元素含量对其花芽分化的影响

为莲雾生产上的产期调节提供理论依据与参考,通过对紫红种莲雾和粉红种莲雾进行催花处理,以自然生长的粉红种莲雾(即不作催花处理)为对照(CK)进行大田试验,探讨莲雾叶片碳水化合物及矿质元素含量对其花芽分化的影响。结果表明:莲雾花芽分化前需要积累足够的可溶性总糖和淀粉等碳水化合物,才能确保喷施催花药剂后花芽的分化;莲雾花芽分化与N积累量的关系不密切,而与P、K积累量的关系密切,较高的P含量和适当低的K含量有利于莲雾的花芽分化;莲雾花芽分化与C/N有密切关系,长时间维持高的C/N有利于其花芽分化。     

近红外光谱法测定玉米秸秆饲用品质

为了对玉米秸秆的饲用品质进行可靠、便捷、快速的分析和评价,该研究以不同品种、密度、氮肥和水分处理的不同发育时期和不同部位玉米秸秆为试验材料,应用近红外光谱（NIRS）技术和偏最小二乘法（PLS）,采用一阶导数+中心化+多元散射校正的光谱数据预处理方法,构建了玉米秸秆体外干物质消化率（IVDMD）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF） 和可溶性糖（WSC）含量的NIRS分析模型。所建立的IVDMD、ADF、NDF和WSC含量的NIRS校正模型决定系数（R2cal）分别为0.9906、0.9870、0.9931和0.9802,交叉验证决定系数（R2cv）分别为0.9593、0.9413 、0.9678和0.9342,外部验证决定系数（R2val）分别为0.9549、0.9353、0.9519和0.9191,各项标准差（SEC、SECV和SEP）为0.935～1.904,相对分析误差（RPD）均大于3。结果表明,各参数的NIRS分析模型可用于玉米秸秆饲用品质的分析和品种选育的快速鉴定。     

Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

石灰岩发育的乔木林下土壤团聚体形成的影响因素

将采集的喀斯特地区纯石灰岩发育的林下土壤,全部进行干筛分为>5、5—2、2—1、1—0.5、0.5—0.25 mm五个粒级,再将五个粒级的土壤分别湿筛,烘干后收集为>5、5—2、2—1、1—0.5、0.5—0.25 mm五个粒级。对五个粒级的土壤分别进行碳水化合物、胡敏酸、游离氧化铁铝、非晶质氧化铁铝和钙、镁的提取和测定,迅速将提取过胶体的土壤进行湿筛测定分解的各级团聚体含量,以此来分析土壤团聚体稳定性与各因子间的关系。研究结果表明:土壤经干筛后,团聚体含量高,团聚体以大粒径为主,小粒级含量低;土壤经湿筛后,团聚体含量减少不是很明显,组成也是以大粒径为主;胡敏酸对<2 mm粒级的团聚体的稳定性作用最大,游离氧化铁、铝对大团聚体(>5 mm)稳定性的作用最大;0—5cm土层土壤团聚体稳定性总体上好于5—20 cm土壤层;有机胶体对小粒级团聚体稳定性的影响很大。     

硼对烤烟硼、钾积累及碳氮代谢的影响

采用砂培法研究不同硼浓度处理对烤烟碳氮代谢的影响。结果表明，低浓度硼（5μmol／LH3BO3）处理下，烟株各器官中的硼、氮、钾、干物质积累以及NO。的吸收及同化受阻．叶片中的NH4^＋。积累增加．而氨基酸和蛋白质含量降低；缺硼还降低烟株叶片的光合速率，并使叶片中的水溶性葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、淀粉大量积累。增加硼的供给（20μmol／L和40μmol／L），使烟株叶片碳氮代谢增强，植株各器官的氮、钾、硼含量增加，干物质积累增强。     

倒伏发生对燕麦籽粒灌浆进程及非结构性碳水化物的影响

为探讨倒伏发生对高寒区燕麦（Avena sativa L.）产量形成产生的影响,本试验在灌浆期选择长势和表观倒伏率基本一致的6份燕麦材料,分析倒伏和未倒伏植株燕麦籽粒千粒重、含水量及非结构性碳水化合物形成规律。结果表明,燕麦籽粒灌浆速率随灌浆进程呈先增后降的变化趋势,倒伏燕麦籽粒灌浆进程较对照（未倒伏）变缓,其灌浆速率和生长速率分别较未倒伏植株籽粒低17.94%和10.49%;倒伏显著（P<0.05）影响籽粒千粒重、含水量、可溶性糖和淀粉含量;倒伏发生后成熟期燕麦籽粒的千粒重、可溶性糖和淀粉含量平均较对照分别降低9.80%、33.58%和3.89%;倒伏对不同燕麦材料的影响程度不同,成熟期对‘青永久125’、‘青永久380’和‘青永久787’千粒重影响较大,分别较对照降低10.55%、10.23%和9.94%;对‘青永久402’和‘青永久380’淀粉含量影响较大,分别较对照降低6.86%和4.24%,对‘青永久402’、‘青永久787’和‘青永久993’可溶性糖含量影响较大,分别较对照降低46.79%、39.67%和38.43%。可见,灌浆期倒伏是燕麦籽粒产量和品质降低的主要因素,在燕麦育种中应加强抗倒伏型品种的选育。     

Effect of Soil Temperature on the Carbohydrate Status in the Potato Plant (S. tuberosum L.)

Seed tubers of the variety Ostara were raised in growth chambers of 16°C air temperature continuously. The vessels were placed in a water bath of automatic temperature regulation so that soil temperatures of 16°C and 28°C could be maintained. Four weeks after emergence the plants were treated with ¹⁴CO₂ and 24 hours later the plants were harvested. Three more treatments and time harvests followed in two weeks intervals. C-14 activity was determined in soluble carbohydrates, in insoluble carbohydrates, and in non extractable residues respectively of the various plant parts in order to obtain information about the translocation of assimilates in the plant.
While the plants at 28°C soil temperature reduced the soluble sugar levels to 50% up to 70 days after emergence, the plants at 16° brought it down to 33% much faster. — The C-14 activity in insoluble carbohydrates amounted to only 50 % in the plants at 28°C while at 16°C it was more than 2/3 (Tables 1 and 2). — The C-14 activity in non extractable residues is much less at 28°C than at 16°C (Tables 3 and 4). — The starch weight reaches only 30% of the value obtained at lower temperature 70 days after emergence (Table 5). — At the higher temperature starch is also increasingly transferred to the tubers but to a much lesser extent and not from the stems and stolons (Table 6).
Possible causes, particularly the role of phytohormones, and consequences are discussed.     

Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Standort, Saatstärke, N-Düngung, Sorte und Erntezeitpunkt auf den Ertrag und die Inhaltsstoffe von Zuckerhirse

Investigations into the effect of location, planting density, N-fertilization, variety and harvest date on yield and contents of sweet sorghum
Looking for high yielding plant species as renewable resources, sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) seems to be an interesting crop.
In field trials at three locations in the south-west of Germany in 1983 and 1984 should be investigated the effect of N-fertilization, planting density, variety and harvest date on yield, different morphological characteristics and contents of sweet sorghum.
The results indicate that yields of 15-20 t DM/ha are only feasible when the given temperature sum is higher than 2000 °C (> 5°C). The maximum yield of 22.7 t DM/ha resp. 6.5 t/ha "Free Fermentable Sugar" (FFZ) was realized when a sufficient water supply and N-fertilization had been guaranteed.
The different possibilities of utilization of sweet sorghum e.g. as sugar crop, agricultural raw material for combustion or as forage crop urge the plant breeder to intensify the breeding efforts adapting this crop at the climatic conditions of Germany.