结晶纤维素的降解

随着化石能源的日益消耗及其对环境的污染加重,寻求可再生的清洁能源已成为各国关注的焦点。木质纤维素是地球上最多的有机聚合物,对于解决能源危机具有巨大的潜力,但没有得到有效的利用,纤维素结晶区的存在是阻碍其降解的重大难题。本文介绍了结晶纤维素的结构、解结晶方法及优良的降解菌种;纤维素酶的结构和功能;降解结晶纤维素的机制;纤维素酶的基因工程和酶工程改造。突出应加大对耐热、高效的结晶纤维素降解菌株的挖掘,并深入探究碳水化合物结合结构域的相关作用机理,这对结晶纤维素的高效降解具有重要意义。     

小麦午睡原因的研究——Ⅲ.形成小麦午睡生态生理因素作用的综合分析

结合田间生态条件研究了各因素在形成小麦午睡中的作用。并且在人工控制的恒定适温、恒定 CO_2浓度、相对稳定的叶片水势和叶片可溶性醣含量的条件下基本上克服了午睡。研究认为高产麦田 CO_2浓度下降、叶片水势下降以及其所引起的气孔开度减低是形成午睡的主要原因;超过小麦光合适温的高气温和叶片可溶性醣含量过量积累是形     

Effect of supplemental dietary zinc sources on the growth and carbohydrate utilization of tilapia Smith 1840, Oreochromis niloticus × Oreochromis aureus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of supplemental dietary zinc sources on the growth performance and carbohydrate utilization of juvenile tilapia Smith 1840, Oreochromis niloticus × O. aureus. The goal was to compare the bioavailability of two zinc sources, zinc sulphate (ZnSO₄) or zinc methionine (ZnMet), by using two practical basal diets with 350 g kg^?1 (C350) or 400 g kg^?1 (C400) carbohydrates based on wheat as the carbohydrate source. The results showed that fish fed with a diet supplemented with 60 mg kg^?1 Zn from either ZnSO₄ or ZnMet had a significantly (P < 0.05) greater specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio than those fed with the diets of ≤30 mg kg^?1 Zn. The composition of tilapia carcass was also found to be influenced by various levels of dietary zinc from the two zinc sources. The G6P‐DH in fish fed with the 20 mg kg^?1 ZnMet diet and the PK levels in fish fed with 20 mg kg^?1 ZnSO₄ and 30 mg kg^?1 ZnMet diet were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than those in fish fed with the C400 diet. The data suggest that supplemental dietary zinc from either ZnMet or ZnSO₄ significantly affects the growth performance and carbohydrate utilization of tilapia.     

Polyphosphate Accelerates Transformation of Nonstructural Carbohydrates to Improve Growth of ppk-Expressing Transgenic Rice in Phosphorus Deficiency Culture

Crop yield and quality are often limited by the amount of phosphate fertilizer added to infertile soils, a key limiting factor for sustainable development in modern agriculture. The polyphosphate kinase(ppk) gene-expressing transgenic rice with a single-copy line(ETRS) is constructed to improve phosphate fertilizer utilization efficiency for phosphorus resource conservation. To investigate the potential mechanisms of the increased biomass in ETRS in low phosphate culture, ETRS was cultivated in ...     

Effects of biofloc under different carbon sources and protein levels on water quality,growth performance and immune responses in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon (Fabricius, 1978)

A 75‐day 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two levels of dietary protein (32 and 40%) and two different carbon sources (rice flour–R and molasses‐M), and without carbohydrate (control–C) in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon juveniles (3.37 ± 0.04 g) at 100 nos. m^?3 in 100 L fibre reinforced plastic tanks. Biofloc volume and total suspended solid were higher in molasses added groups (32 + M and 40 + M) followed by rice flour (32 + R and 40 + R) and controls (32C and 40C). Molasses and rice flour addition significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the total ammonia–N compared to controls. The highest Vibrio, Bacillus and Lactobacillus counts were recorded in 40 + M, 32 + M and 32 + R respectively. Among the treatments, significantly higher (P < 0.01) final body weight was recorded in 40 + R (8.5 ± 0.3 g), 40 + M (7.8 ± 0.3 g) and 32 + R (7.5 ± 0.4 g) compared to control groups, 32C (6.1 ± 0.3 g), 40C (6.4 ± 0.3 g) and molasses added group, 32 + M (5.7 ± 0.4 g). Rice flour supplementation significantly increased (P < 0.01) the total haemocyte count (×10⁶ cells mL^?1) in 32 + R (45.7 ± 3.7) and 40 + R (44.3 ± 3.1) compared to controls, 32C (27.3 ± 3.4) and 40C (25.8 ± 0.9). Similarly, higher superoxide dismutase, catalase, serum protein and glucose were recorded in the rice flour added groups, 40 + R followed by 32 + R. Among the treatments, the highest level of prophenoloxidase (OD 490 nm, 0.3 ± 0.0) and survival after challenge with Vibrio harveyi (55.6%) was observed in 32 + R. The study elucidates that rice flour addition produces optimum level of biofloc with better growth and immune responses compared to molasses and control. Furthermore, rice flour addition at 32% protein level could replace 40% protein feed.     

Effects of Soil Temperature on Growth and Root Function in Rice

Abstract

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of soil temperature in the stage from late tillering to panicle initiation (SI) and during the grain-filling stage (SII) on grain setting, dry matter production, photosynthesis, non-structural carbohydrate (NSC), xylem exudation and abscisic acid (ABA) levels in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari). Rice plants were exposed to four different soil temperatures during SI or SII: 17.5, 25, 31.5 and 36.5°C (ST18, ST25, ST32 and ST37, respectively). The yield, yield components, grain filling and quality in SI were negatively influenced by high soil temperature of 37°C. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in those characters among temperature treatments in SII. The root/shoot ratio was smallest in the ST37 plants in both SI and SII, mainly due to their lighter root weight. At 7 days after initiation of treatment (DAT) in both SI and SII, the photosynthetic and xylem exudation rate tended to increase slightly as soil temperature increased up to 32°C. At 21 DAT, however, the photosynthetic rate was lowest in ST37, with concurrent decrease of diffusion conductance and SPAD value. In addition, decrease of NSC concentration in stem and xylem exudation rate, and increase of ABA level in leaves and xylem exudate were observed in ST37 plants at 21 DAT. These results suggested that high soil temperature before heading especially influenced yield, grain quality and plant growth. Possible mechanisms of the effect of soil temperature are discussed.     

营养成分调控果树花芽分化研究进展*

 概述了近年来果树花芽分化与营养成分关系研究的主要进展,包括果树花芽分化与淀粉、可溶性糖、氨基酸、蛋白质以及磷、钙等几种矿质营养的关系。随着研究手段的不断进步和科研水平的提高,人们逐渐弄清了果树花芽分化期间主要营养成分生理变化以及部分外界因素调控的作用,认为果树成花是一个多因素积累的过程,其中营养成分是花芽分化所必需的物质基础。     

Management strategies for forage rape (Brassica napus L. cv Goliath): Impact on dry-matter yield,plant reserves,morphology and nutritive value

Limited information is available on the grazing management principles of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), particularly in relation to grazing height and intensity and the impact of these on dry-matter (DM) yield and nutritive value. A glasshouse study was undertaken to investigate the effect of three defoliation heights (plant height at harvest; DH: 40, 70 and 90 cm; L, M and H DH respectively) and three defoliation intensities (height at which plants were cut; DI: 5, 20 and 35 cm of residual height; H, M and L DI respectively) on forage rape (cv Goliath) yield and nutritive value at two harvests (harvest 1, H1 and harvest 2, H2), and the impact of nitrogen (N) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) reserves on regrowth. Increasing DH from L to H increased estimated total DM yield (H1 plus H2) from 0.5 to 4.6 t DM/ha but DI did not affect yield. Dry-matter yield was optimized at 90 cm DH, but greater nutritive value was achieved by harvesting at lower levels of DH. Despite high in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD; 852–889 g/kg), harvesting at 90 cm DH could not meet the protein requirement of lactating dairy cows and harvesting at lower levels risks nitrate poisoning. Our results indicate the optimum DH may be between 70 and 90 cm DH, and 20 and 35 cm DI, which requires further studies.     

断奶仔猪的糖类营养及主要来源

早期断奶仔猪易受生理、营养和环境的影响,而产生应激影响其正常生长,其中营养因素最为重要,本文阐明了仔猪料中碳水化合物的作用及其消化酶的分布特点,描述了仔猪对碳水化合物的消化吸收机理,并对几种主要的碳水化合物来源和利用性能进行分析和总结,为合理配制断奶仔猪饲料提供理论基础。