Stoffbildung, CO2-Gaswechsel, Kohlenhydrat- und Stickstoffgehalt von Winterweizen bei erhöhter CO2-Konzentration und Trocken-streß

Dry Matter Production, CO₂ Exchange, Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Content of Winter Wheat at Elevated CO₂ Concentration and Drought Stress
Methods of mathematical modelling and simulation are being used to an increasing degree in estimating the effects of rising atmospheric CO₂ concentration and changing climatic conditions on agricultural ecosystems. In this context, detailed knowledge is required about the possible effects on crop growth and physiological processes. To this aim, the influence of an elevated CO₂ concentration and of drought stress on dry matter production, CO₂ exchange, and on carbohydrate and nitrogen content was studied in two winter wheat varieties from shooting to milk ripeness. Elevated CO₂ concentration leads to a compensation of drought stress and at optimal water supply to an increase of vegetative dry matter and of yield to the fourfold value. This effects were caused by enhanced growth of secondary tillers which were reduced in plants cultivated at atmospheric CO₂ concentration. Analogous effects in the development of ear organs were influenced additionally by competitive interactions between the developing organs. The content and the mass of ethanol soluble carbohydrates in leaves and stems were increased after the CO₂ treatment and exhausted more completely during the grain filling period after drought stress. Plants cultivated from shooting to milk ripeness at elevated CO₂ concentration showed a reduced response of net photosynthesis rate to increasing CO₂ concentration by comparison with untreated plants. The rate of dark respiration was increased in this plants.     

华北驼绒藜种子发育期各器官间碳水化合物的再分配

对华北驼绒藜种子发育阶段的主要代谢“库”器官根、茎、果实进行了可溶性糖、淀粉和蔗糖酶的动态变化研究分析,确定其营养物质的流向及流量的大小,探索这一阶段碳水化合物的分配是否与种子低结实率有关。结果显示华北驼绒藜种子发育期间,根和茎中可溶性糖和淀粉的含量呈不断下降趋势,其中根中淀粉由盛花期到成熟期下降达48%,茎中下降幅度较小;同时这2个器官中蔗糖酶的活性也逐渐降低。果实中可溶性糖和淀粉含量呈逐渐递增的趋势,蔗糖酶活性也呈增大趋势。表明尽管根、茎通常是代谢的“库”器官,但在种子生长发育期间,根和茎转而成为 “源”器官,其大量同化物流向繁殖器官。但是从同化物的流量来看,多年生的华北驼绒藜根茎中同化物的输出比例远小于一年生的作物。     

鱼类对饲料中糖的利用研究进展

糖类是鱼类饲料中廉价的能量源,然而,与陆生动物相比,鱼类对饲料中糖的利用能力较低。本文综述了这方面的最新研究进展,包括鱼类对饲料糖的利用能力与鱼饲料中糖的适宜含量、影响因素及鱼类的糖代谢机制。     

施钾对草地早熟禾根部可溶性碳水化合物及叶片氮，磷和钾含量的影响

以草地早熟禾（Poapratensis）品种男爵（Baronie）为试验材料,研究了不同施钾处理对根部0～10cm可溶性碳水化合物和叶片氮,磷和钾含量的影响。结果表明：在单施钾肥的情况下,随着施钾量的增加,越冬前草地早熟禾根系可溶性碳水化合物的含量也显著提高（P〈0．05）,这可能有助于提高植株越冬率,促进返青生长,而在同时施有氮、磷的情况下,碳水化合物含量间的差异并不显著,草地早熟禾叶片氮、钾含量也随着施钾量的增加呈显著增加的趋势（P〈0．05）。通过碳水化合物及叶片氮,磷和钾含量的测定,以N5g／m^2＋P20s3．33g／m^2＋K2O 6．68g／m^2处理对草坪返青及分蘖最佳。     

Seasonal and Diurnal Variation in Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Concentrations of Repeatedly Defoliated Red and White Clovers in Central Kentucky

Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for each harvest, and starch was quantified for two harvests. Mean monthly WSC concentrations ranged from 80 to 99 mg/g (freeze-dried weight basis), whereas mean starch concentrations were 31 and 40 mg/g. In September, white clover had 14% more WSCs than red clover (P < .0001). Water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were 10% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001). Starch concentrations were 290% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the afternoon averaged 150 mg/g. Further studies are needed to determine whether the mixed grass-legume pastures of central Kentucky accumulate enough nonstructural carbohydrates to present risk factors for equine metabolic or digestive dysfunction.     

牧草中的水溶性碳水化合物

牧草中有适量的水溶性碳水化合物对家畜及牧草都有十分重要的意义。本文从牧草中水溶性碳水化合物的种类、影响因素、贮存过程中的损失和对家畜的营养价值等方面加以综述。     

不同干燥方法对鸭茅营养成分及其损失的影响

研究干燥方法对鸭茅(不同生育阶段)营养成分及其损失量的影响。结果表明:(1)随着生育期的推进,粗蛋白质和粗灰分含量逐渐下降,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量逐渐增加,而水溶性碳水化合物含量开始不断增加,开花期最高,结实期又迅速减少;干燥方法对水溶性碳水化合物含量的影响极其显著(P<0.01),其含量的顺序为:烘干>晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。(2)干燥方法与营养物质的损失量间差异显著(P<0.05),其损失量的顺序为晒后烘干>晒干>阴干。不同干燥方法的水溶性碳水化合物损失量与干物质、粗灰分、无氮浸出物损失量之间呈显著相关,相关系数分别为0.8798、0.6404和0.6568。     

体外法研究日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物比例对干物质体外降解率的影响

本试验的氮源是纯化大豆蛋白(IsolatedSoybeanProtein,ISP)和尿素(NPN),按80:20、50:50和20:80分3组;碳水化合物源分别是从干草中提取的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、玉米淀粉和蔗糖,按10:85:5、10:80:10、10:75:15、30:65:5、30:60:10、30:55:15、50:45:5、50:40:10和50:35:15分9组的3×9因子实验设计。应用体外尼龙袋发酵技术,研究了奶牛日粮不同来源氮和碳水化合物及其比例对干物质(DM)体外降解率的影响。结果表明,过量补充尿素及随着日粮中淀粉和蔗糖比例的增加,日粮干物质的体外降解率均下降。根据试验结果,建议在泌乳期奶牛的全混合日粮中尿素的补充量应低于干物质的2.8%,非结构性碳水化合物的含量不应超过干物质的45%。     

Effects of high‐fat and high‐carbohydrate diets on fat and carbohydrate oxidation and plasma metabolites in healthy cats

High‐fat (HF) or high‐carbohydrate (HC) diets (30% fat, 18.9% carbohydrate; HF and 10% fat, 46.3% carbohydrate; HC) and lengths of adaptation were investigated in cats (Felis catus; 10 ± 2 months, 3.6 ± 0.3 kg). Cats randomly received each treatment for 14 days in a crossover design with a 14‐day washout period between each diet. Three 22‐h indirect calorimetry studies were conducted after acute (day 0), semichronic (day 4) and chronic (day 13) dietary exposure. Blood samples were collected after a 24‐h fast on days 1, 5 and 14. When cats consumed the HC and HF diet, oxidation of the restricted nutrient exceeded intake while oxidation of the nutrient in excess matched intake. Mean max energy expenditure (EE) of cats consuming the HF and HC diet were 107 and 102 kcal/kg^0.67/day and occurred at a mean of 4 and 12 h post‐feeding respectively. Maximal fat (0.90 g/h) and carbohydrate (carbohydrate; 1.42 g/h) oxidation were attained at 26 min and 10.4 h post‐feeding respectively. The changes observed in macronutrient oxidation and EE suggest that cats adapt whole‐body nutrient metabolism in response to changes in dietary macronutrient content, but may require longer than 14 day to adapt to a macronutrient that is present at a lower concentration in the diet.     

日粮营养对动物脂肪组织基因表达的影响

脂肪组织是一个强大的分泌器官,它能分泌许多与能量、脂肪代谢相关的酶、激素等.调控能量代谢和脂肪组织生长.本文综述了日粮对动物脂肪组织中基因表达作用的研究状况.并阐述了营养成分对这些基因上下游表达的作用机制.