水温对淡水温水性鱼类生命活动的影响

水温是影响鱼类生命活动的重要生态学因子。综述水温对淡水温水性鱼类的影响,为鱼类资源的增殖和水体生物多样性保护提供参考。从繁殖、摄食生长、代谢速率、临界游泳能力、免疫功能5方面的鱼类生命活动进行综述,其中,水温对鱼类的繁殖和生长影响最大,当水温适宜时,多数淡水温水性鱼类的各项生理活动都能正常进行;但当水温超过临界温度时会导致机体内代谢紊乱、活动能力降低、甚至造成鱼类死亡,最终引起鱼类种群结构和数量分布的显著变化。鱼类的临界游泳能力和高强度运动之后的重复运动能力也会受到水温的影响;鱼类免疫应答受水温影响较大,水温严重不适会导致免疫防御机制紊乱。水温只是影响鱼类生存的生态因子之一,但在航道建设、河流生态修复、鱼类资源评估以及水生态系统保护过程中均占据不容忽视的地位。在河流开发以及水文调节过程中,要最大限度降低其对水温生态因子的影响。     

Lipid characterization of both wild and cultured eggs of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis L.) throughout the embryonic development

The present work reports a characterization of mean wet weight and moisture, the lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition from the total lipids (TL), of both culture and wild eggs of the cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis , throughout the embryonic development. Additionally, reproductive data, such as the number of spawnings, number and mean weight of eggs and duration of spawning period of cultured cuttlefish is provided. Both types of eggs were similar in mean wet weight, moisture content, TL content and lipid composition throughout embryonic development. Females from the cultured group spawned 13 times and laid 8654 eggs in 64 days, with a mean weight of 0.607 ± 0.179 g. A sex ratio of 1.57 (11♀ for 7♂) promoted an individual fecundity of 787 eggs/♀ (the biggest until now on our culture facilities), which might be related to increased bottom areas. The TL increased with day/stage of embryonic development ( P  < 0.05) only in the cultured egg group. However, no differences were found on TL between culture and wild eggs at the same day/stage ( P  > 0.05). Eggs displayed predominant levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), cholesterol and triacylglycerol at the end of embryonic development. Polar and neutral lipids of both eggs groups remained consistently proportional (∼50% for each lipid fraction) and a significant increase ( P  < 0.05) was observed in phosphatidylserine, PE and free FA throughout the embryonic development. In either egg type and day, 16:0, 18:0, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 accounted for approximately 70 g Kg⁻¹ of all FA and saturated and n-3 totals seemed to have the same proportion in the cuttlefish eggs. The present results suggest that lipids are not used as energetic substrate but as structural components in cuttlefish egg.     

预报微生物学及其在食品货架期预测领域的研究进展

预报微生物学研究食品腐败的过程和腐败优势细菌的消长变化情况 ,该领域获得的数值信息为食品货架期监测预报系统的开发打下了坚实的基础。为了准确预报产品的货架期 ,必须考虑整个食品微生态系统。本文略述了与食品腐败相关的微生物学研究 ,并引入了特定腐败菌的概念。在此基础上 ,讨论了预报微生物学在食品货架期预测领域面临的挑战和研究进展 ,并以腐败假单胞菌为例 ,简要介绍了预报模型的建立步骤和货架期预报系统的开发过程。     

Migration of anadromous white-spotted charr <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salvelinus leucomaenis</Emphasis>, as determined by otolith strontium: calcium ratios

ABSTRACT:   The migratory history of anadromous white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis collected from Japanese coastal waters, was examined in terms of strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) uptake in the otolith, by means of wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometry using an electron microprobe. Otolith Sr concentration or Sr : Ca ratios of anadromous S. leucomaenis , fluctuated strongly along the life history transect in accordance with the migration (habitat) pattern from sea to fresh water. The anadrmous S. leucomaenis showed phase L (low Sr : Ca ratio) from the core to the point 1000–2500 µm distant, averaging 1.3 × 10⁻³ to 2.7 × 10⁻³ and thereafter, the ratios increased sharply, being higher than 5.0 × 10⁻³ to 10.0 × 10⁻³. These findings indicated that otolith Sr : Ca ratios reflected individual life histories, enabling a sea habitat to be identified from a freshwater habitat in this species.     

电子束辐照对三文鱼品质的影响研究

为确定三文鱼电子束辐照的最佳剂量,以生鲜三文鱼为研究对象,采用0(未辐照)、0.5、1.0、2.0k Gy 4种不同剂量的电子束进行辐照处理,贮藏于0℃下,通过检测贮藏过程中鱼体的挥发性盐基氮、菌落总数、酸价、失重率、色差及质构等指标,研究电子束辐照剂量对三文鱼品质及其货架期的影响。结果表明,电子束辐照可以抑制三文鱼挥发性盐基氮的产生和菌落总数的增长,且辐照剂量越大,效果越明显;辐照剂量越大,贮藏初期的酸价越高,但在贮藏期间较未辐照组稳定,无明显的增大趋势;1.0 k Gy和2.0 k Gy剂量使三文鱼颜色变暗,0.5 k Gy较未辐照组差异不显著;贮藏末期,经过辐照的三文鱼的黏附性相对未辐照组小,硬度、弹性以及咀嚼性与未辐照组无显著差异,各剂量之间也无显著差异。综合各指标,0.5 k Gy剂量的电子束可以更好地保持三文鱼的品质。本研究结果为三文鱼的保鲜提供了有效的技术手段和一定的参考依据。     

Fatigue property of high-performance polyethylene netting twine

Tensile and knot fatigue property of high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), regular polyethylene (PE), nylon multifilament (PAmu), and nylon monofilament (PAmo) under cyclic loading conditions were investigated. The durability of HPPE under tensile fatigue testing was largest, followed by PAmo, PAmu and PE. In knot fatigue, the largest was PAmo, followed by HPPE, PAmu, and PE. High resistance by HPPE to the cyclic loads was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that HPPE suffered the least damage from abrasion compared with the other twines. From the measurement of elongation changes during the cyclic loading, HPPE had very small changes. The low elongation value of HPPE was probably the result of its better fatigue property because there was less damage from abrasion.     

云南松毛虫自然种群生命表的研究

通过对云南松毛虫自然种群数量动态规律的研究,组建了自然种群生命表,并采用排除控制指数法(EIPC)对其进行了关键因子和阶段的分析,结果表明:种群消长趋势指数(I)大于1,种群呈上升趋势;自然死亡对种群密度发展趋势起关键作用,其次是幼虫的迁移;幼虫期是种群消长的关键阶段。     

竹盲走螨、胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹害螨的控制作用研究

应用实验种群生命表数据分析毛竹林本土优势种竹盲走螨和引进种胡瓜钝绥螨对毛竹4种害螨南京裂爪螨、竹裂爪螨、竹缺爪螨、竹刺瘿螨的控制能力。结果表明①胡瓜钝绥螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为90．4％、77．55％、87．93％、81．63％，每雌总产卵量分别为38．12粒、45．77粒、35．59粒、30．26粒，而乡土优势种竹盲走螨取食上述4种害螨的世代存活率分别为95．23％、100％、87．7％、80．48％，每雌总产卵量分别为44．5、46．8、41．15、20．1粒；②竹盲走螨以南京裂爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率(0．155)与引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．154)相近，均明显高于南京裂爪螨(0．1089)；③竹盲走螨以竹裂爪螨为猎物其内禀增长率(0．152)与胡瓜钝绥螨(0．152)相同但明显低于竹裂爪螨(0．192)；④竹盲走螨以竹缺爪螨为猎物时其内禀增长率为(0．148)明显低于引进种胡瓜钝绥螨(0．175)和其猎物(0．185)；⑤竹盲走螨取食竹刺瘿螨易大量逃跑，雌螨产卵量低，引进种胡瓜钝绥螨取食竹刺瘿螨能正常生长发育，但是其内禀增长率(0．144)明显低于其取食上述其余3种害螨的内禀增长率，产卵量高于当地种竹盲走螨，并描述1998年以来每年5—6月助迁人工繁殖的胡瓜钝绥螨控制毛竹害螨蔓延的效果。     

中国紫胶虫生活史及其胶表物候

中国紫胶虫（Ｋｅｒｒｉａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）与其它胶蚧一样，均隐匿在其胶被内生长发育，外观难以看到各虫龄期的体形特征。用图表形式把各虫龄期及其相关的泌胶形态和冬夏两代各自所需无数标出，即可清楚看出该虫生活史、生活周期及各发育阶段期间的变化和关系。同时，列出各虫龄期特征检索表，便于在科研与生产中应用。     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区药用植物多样性研究

以2012年五鹿山国家级自然保护区综合科学考察报告及蒲县县志为基础,结合相关文献,分析五鹿山药用植物资源的多样性。结果表明:五鹿山有药用植物45科128属179种;最丰富的科为菊科、蔷薇科、百合科及毛茛科(种数≥10),最丰富的属是蒿属、堇菜属(种数>5);大多药用植物分布高差为400m以下(含400m),80.4%分布在针叶阔叶混交林带;植物药用部位以全草为主;生活型以多年生草本植物为主,占总数的50.8%;有党参、苦参、地黄、黄芩、北柴胡5种道地药材;有珍稀濒危濒危植物5科7属7种;植物药用功能主要为清热解毒。