水盐胁迫下根系提水作用对土壤盐分与番茄产量的影响

为探究水盐胁迫下番茄根系发生提水作用的可能性及其对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,利用上下桶分根装置,设定上桶不同水分(W1、W2、W3表示土壤含水率为田间持水率的60%～70%、50%～60%、40%～50%)和盐分条件(S0、S1、S2表示Na Cl添加量分别为干土质量的0、0.2%、0.4%),监测分析了水盐胁迫下根系提水量、上桶盐分分布及番茄产量。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,根系提水量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其中盐分对番茄根系提水量影响显著,在相同水分处理条件下,盐分含量越高,根系提水量越大;水盐胁迫下,上桶盐分含量与根系提水量呈线性正相关,除W1S0处理外,上桶土壤电导率在提水量达到最大时有所增加;与对照处理W1S0相比,水盐抑制了根系生长,使根系活性显著下降,同一水分处理下,随着盐分的增加,根长、根表面积及根体积减小;盐分对番茄水分生产率有显著影响,在相同水分条件下,盐分越大,水分生产率越大,7种处理中W2S2水分生产率达到最大,而其产量较对照并未显著减小,生育期提水量占需水量的17.73%。本研究对进一步理解作物在上干下湿的土壤水盐胁迫下充分利用土壤剖面深层水分来维持上层根系生存和提高水分生产率具有科学价值。     

Reproductive resilience: a paradigm shift in understanding spawner‐recruit systems in exploited marine fish

A close relationship between adult abundance and stock productivity may not exist for many marine fish stocks, resulting in concern that the management goal of maximum sustainable yield is either inefficient or risky. Although reproductive success is tightly coupled with adult abundance and fecundity in many terrestrial animals, in exploited marine fish where and when fish spawn and consequent dispersal dynamics may have a greater impact. Here, we propose an eco‐evolutionary perspective, reproductive resilience, to understand connectivity and productivity in marine fish. Reproductive resilience is the capacity of a population to maintain the reproductive success needed to result in long‐term population stability despite disturbances. A stock's reproductive resilience is driven by the underlying traits in its spawner‐recruit system, selected for over evolutionary timescales, and the ecological context within which it is operating. Spawner‐recruit systems are species specific, have both density‐dependent and fitness feedback loops and are made up of fixed, behavioural and ecologically variable traits. They operate over multiple temporal, spatial and biological scales, with trait diversity affecting reproductive resilience at both the population and individual (i.e. portfolio) scales. Models of spawner‐recruit systems fall within three categories: (i) two‐dimensional models (i.e. spawner and recruit); (ii) process‐based biophysical dispersal models which integrate physical and environmental processes into understanding recruitment; and (iii) complex spatially explicit integrated life cycle models. We review these models and their underlying assumptions about reproductive success vs. our emerging mechanistic understanding. We conclude with practical guidelines for integrating reproductive resilience into assessments of population connectivity and stock productivity.     

猪粪厌氧发酵联产氢气和甲烷的能源转换效率研究

[目的]探讨猪粪厌氧发酵先产氢气后产甲烷的能源转换效率,以期提高传统厌氧发酵的能源转换效率。[方法]将发酵料液的p H调节至4.5~5.5,首先进行厌氧发酵产氢气,产氢结束后将产氢发酵液的p H调节至6.5~7.5进行厌氧发酵产甲烷。[结果]猪粪厌氧发酵联产氢气和甲烷的产能效率为44.06%,明显高于猪粪单独厌氧发酵产氢的产能效率(14.43%)以及猪粪单独厌氧发酵产甲烷的产能效率(32.80%)。[结论]厌氧发酵联产氢气和甲烷能有效提升传统厌氧发酵产能效率。     

红壤稻田养地体系的研究Ⅰ．有机、无机肥结合对红壤稻田生产效率的影响及其养地效果

多点定位田间试验表明．在福建中低产红壤稻田中混合施用有机和无机肥料，可使水稻生产效率在短期内得到稳定增长（３０％－９２％）．经统计分析比较，水稻生产效率与有机无机总养分（或总氮）投入量呈极显著相关；有机无机肥结合的优点主要表现在土壤生产力的稳定积累和元素生产效率的提高．参试的４大有机给源配合半量化肥的作用近于等效，但在试验期限内（１－３ａ），稻谷产量无额外的互作效应，而绿肥鲜体在增产养地配合效应上具有明显的优势．     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin analysis of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Alexandrium</Emphasis> (Dinophyceae) occurring in Korean coastal waters

ABSTRACT:   Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins produced by Alexandrium isolates from Korea were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromography. Species designation of the regional isolates was determined by morphological criteria and ribotyping inferred from sequences of the 28S rDNA D1-D2 region. Toxin analysis performed at the exponential growth phase, revealed that the two strains of A. fraterculus were non-toxic, while the strains of A. tamarense and A. catenella were toxic. Toxic isolates DPC7 and DPC8 of A. catenella produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, 5, dcGTX2, 3, C1, 2, neoSTX and STX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3 and C4, while isolates UL7, KDW981, SJW97043, SJW97046, KJC97111 and KJC97112 of A. tamarense produced GTX1, 2, 3, 4, dcGTX3, C1, 2, neoSTX with trace or non-detectable levels of C3, 4, dcSTX and STX, and no GTX5 and dcGTX2. The major toxins produced by A. catenella were C1 +2, and those of A. tamarense were C1 +2 and GTX4 in most of the isolates. A. tamarense strains other than SJW97046 produced a relatively high proportion of carbamate toxins, reflecting the high toxicity scores of shellfish intoxication in sampled coastal areas. Two representative toxic isolates, A. tamarense SJW97043 and A. catenella DPC7, were cultured for 30 days in batch mode and subjected to toxin analysis at 5-day intervals. Comparison of toxin productivity in terms of total toxin content, toxin components, and their variations with culture age revealed marked differences between the two strains.     

A REVIEW OF PRODUCTION FRONTIER RESEARCH IN AQUACULTURE (2001–2011)

Most research works on the production frontier in aquaculture focus on efficiency measurement using either Stochastic Production Frontier (SPF) or Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). The studies on productivity growth in aquaculture were limited, perhaps due to lack of time-series data. Nevertheless, total factor productivity analysis (TFP) in fish farms has started gaining popularity in recent years. In addition, the majority of the efficiency studies have centered on technical efficiency analysis but substantial increases in the output levels can be fully realized through improving overall economic efficiency. Therefore, this review suggests that future research should estimate all three efficiency indices (i.e., technical, allocative and economic efficiencies).     

基于遥感和CASA模型的西江流域NPP时空分布特征研究

基于EOS/MODIS遥感资料,采用CASA模型分析西江流域陆地植被净第一性生产力（NPP）的时空变化特征。结果表明:西江流域平均植被NPP为400～500 gC/（m²·a）,上游地区偏低,为200～300 gC/（m²·a）,中下游地区较高,平均500～600 gC/（m²·a）,部分地区可达到800 gC/（m²·a）以上;植被NPP季节变化显著,夏季最高,春、秋季节次之,冬季最低小;西江流域植被NPP的空间差异明显,在5-10月,上游地区植被NPP较低,中下游地区较高;在1-3月,上游地区尤其是南盘江流域的植被NPP较高,中下游地区尤其是中游地区明显较少。西江流域植被NPP的空间特征还表现在汛期空间差异大,枯水期空间差别小。     

应用数量化理论Ⅰ分析和田护田林带的防风作用

本文应用数量化理论Ⅰ这一数学分析方法,阐明农防林防风效益的普遍规律及其特点,并予以科学地评价。通过对依变量(林带背风面不同距离的风速相对值和透风系数)与自变量(疏透度、大气热层结、风向交角和风力等级)之间变化的分析,依据各自变量的得分范围,偏相关系数,定量说明各自变量对依变量的贡献。结果依变量的变化与自变量中疏透度的变化相关最为密切,其余自变量则依次排列。疏透度是人为所能控制和调解的,而其余因子对防风作用的影响则可以通过大面积推广窄林带小网格的林网化建设,建立综合防护林体系而积极产生作用,使其影响降低到极小程度,最大地发挥林带本身的防风效果。     

政策激励对稻农重金属污染治理意愿的影响——基于中国南方水稻主产省耕地地力保护补贴的考察

为探究政策激励对稻农重金属污染治理意愿的影响,基于南方重金属污染典型地区的调研数据,利用二元选择模型和中介效应模型,对中国南方水稻主产省稻农的重金属污染治理意愿进行研究。结果表明:1)耕地地力保护补贴的政策激励对于稻农的重金属污染治理意愿具有显著促进作用,补贴资金可以直接改善稻农的预算约束;2)耕地地力保护补贴的主观规范可以改变稻农的收入预期,进而影响稻农的重金属污染治理意愿;3)耕地地力补贴政策的激励效果因农户类型而异,纯农户更容易受到耕地地力保护补贴金额的影响,兼业户更容易受到政策主观规范的影响。据此,提出以下对策建议,首先,完善补贴的推广模式和增强补贴力度;其次,根据群体特点差异化实施耕地地力保护补贴政策;最后,创造条件促进稻农治理意愿向行为转化。     

农田生态环境损害鉴定评估技术需求

农田生态环境损害是生态环境损害赔偿案件的重要类型,主要涉及非法占地、非法采矿、污染排放等类型。现有农田生态环境损害鉴定评估标准规范从总体要求、不同环节、不同要素维度提出了鉴定要求,但在与现有损害鉴定评估标准的兼容性、技术标准规定的简便性以及损害调查指标和方法的系统性、因果关系判定的严密性、评价标准的全面性、费用和价值测算方法的一致性等方面还存在不足,需要充分整合现有标准,形成与现有国家标准相衔接且简单实用的农田损害鉴定评估标准,并推动重点领域技术方法突破,逐步完善以农田生态环境恢复和农产品价值评估为核心的农田损害价值量化技术体系,保障农田生态环境损害鉴定评估过程的规范性和结果的可靠性。