Maize straw is more effective than maize straw biochar at improving soil N availability and gross N transformation rate

Soil nitrogen (N) transformation is vital in determining farmland N availability. Although many studies have investigated the effect of biochar on N retention and loss via leaching and gaseous emissions, few have determined the dynamics of gross N transformation during crop growth in long-term biochar-amended soils and compared the effect of the biochar with that of its feedstock. In this study, we conducted a five-time field measurement of soil gross N turnover rates via ¹⁵N isotope pool dilution during maize growth in 2021. Three treatments were employed, including no amendment, biochar and straw applied annually at rates of 2.63 and 7.50 t ha⁻¹, respectively, since 2013. The results showed that biochar did not change the rate of gross N mineralisation when compared with no amendment, but straw increased it by 139% in August, resulting in significantly higher cumulative gross N mineralisation than biochar and no amendment (701 vs 489 and 499 mg kg⁻¹ in 200 d). The inconsistent influence was attributed to the fact that inherent biochar-N was recalcitrant and could not be mineralized like the straw. The gross nitrification rate was decreased by 72.9% and 77.4% by biochar and straw application, respectively, in June relative to no amendment, but then it increased from July to August in the straw treatment as a result of the elevated gross N mineralisation rate. The decreased nitrification in the biochar treatment was an outcome of the synergetic effect of a low ammonium pool (−59.4%) and a high gross ammonium immobilisation rate (+263%), which was likely due to excessive fertilizer N loss and abiotic adsorption to biochar. Meanwhile, biochar amendment inhibited bacterial 16S and fungal ITS genes, as well as ureC and bacterial and archaea-amoA gene copies. In conclusion, straw is more effective than biochar at improving soil N transformation and availability in the long term.     

基于甘肃省中低产田现状的改良措施及其应用效果

中低产田是指土壤存在一种或几种制约农业生产的障碍因素,农业单产相对低而不稳的耕地。研究和分析甘肃省中低产田的现状及其改良技术措施,有针对性地实施中低产田改良改造,对改善甘肃省的农业生产条件和生态环境,提高土地产出率和经济效益,具有重要而深远的意义。针对甘肃省中低产田面积大、分布广和相对集中的特征,在分析中低产田障碍因素成因和主要类型的基础上,梳理了近年甘肃省主要的中低产田改良集成技术措施及其应用效果,提出了中低产田改良和治理的对策建议。     

农田排水资源灌溉利用适宜性评价指标体系研究

在广泛咨询和调研的基础上,首先确定了影响农田排水资源灌溉利用适宜性的各类重要因素,包括排水水质、作物特性、土壤特性、水文气象、灌排措施等5个方面,然后根据系统性、代表性、可操作性等原则,筛选了各个准则层下面指标层的具体指标,最后构建了比较完整的农田排水资源灌溉利用适宜性评价指标体系,为进一步开展农田排水资源灌溉利用适宜性评价提供了基础。     

高标准基本农田建设评价模型的构建及建设时序的确定

高标准基本农田建设时序既要考虑建设的可行性,也要考虑建成后的稳定性。该文以黑龙江省富锦市为研究区,分别从自然质量条件、工程建设条件、经济社会条件和区位条件、生态条件、建设用地扩张动力等方面构建建设可行性和空间稳定性评价模型,运用理想解逼近法测算各评价单元的建设可行性和空间稳定性,最后用四象限法确定高标准基本农田建设时序。结果表明:富锦市高标准基本农田建设高度可行区域面积为13.18万hm2,中度可行区域面积22.72万hm2,低度可行区域面积22.18万hm2;高度稳定区域面积为7.58万hm2,中度稳定面积为27.73万hm2,低度稳定区域面积为22.77万hm2。基于空间稳定性优先的目标导向,分别确定国营农场辖区和地方政府辖区的建设时序。其中,国营农场辖区优先建设区域面积为6.75万hm2,主要分布在七星农场、创业农场、红卫农场、前进农场和青龙山农场;地方政府辖区优先建设区域面积为4.41万hm2,主要分布在二龙山镇、锦山镇、头林镇和宏胜镇。该研究结果可为高标准基本农田建设规划编制提供科学依据。     

基于四象限法的县域高标准基本农田建设布局与模式

高标准基本农田建设是土地整治规划的重要组成部分,需要综合考虑耕地的基本条件和所在区域的社会经济建设适宜性。为了提高高标准基本农田建设布局的科学性及合理性,该文以广东省五华县为例,首先对耕地质量与高标准基本农田建设适宜性进行了评价,其中,耕地质量从立地条件、耕地物理性状、耕地化学性状及利用条件4个方面选择评价指标。高标准基本农田建设适宜性从农田基础条件、区域社会经济综合条件及群众意愿等方面选择评价指标,据评价结果分析了五华县耕地质量等级分布的不同及高标准基本农田建设适宜程度的差距及其原因。在此基础上,采用四象限法对高标准基本农田的建设区域进行了划分,其中,"高质量高适宜"区域的耕地面积为15 460.51 hm2,占到五华县耕地总面积的37.65%,"高质量低适宜"区域的耕地面积为8 771.85 hm2,占耕地总面积的21.36%,"低质量高适宜"区域的耕地面积为7 508.73 hm2,占耕地总面积的22.71%。在对3个区域的耕地限制性因素、基本农田分布情况进行分析的基础上,提出了基本农田的空间调整措施及高标准基本农田建设的建设模式及建设方向。研究结果可为县域土地整治规划和高标准基本农田建设提供科学依据。     

紫色土区不同植物篱模式控制坡耕地氮素流失效应

为优选紫色土区控制农田氮磷等养分流失的复合农林模式,利用野外径流小区试验,结合室内分析与数理统计法研究了植物篱模式控制紫色土区坡耕地氮素流失效应。结果表明,植物篱模式减少了坡耕地总氮及各形态氮流失负荷,就总氮而言,20°坡耕地紫穗槐与香根草模式下年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低92.4%、90.0%;13°坡耕地紫花苜蓿与蓑草模式的年均总氮流失负荷分别比横坡农作模式降低88.7%、83.9%。径流与泥沙流失量的减少与径流氮浓度的降低是植物篱控制坡耕地氮素流失的主要机制。紫穗槐、香根草、紫花苜蓿与蓑草植物篱模式可作为西南紫色丘陵区农业非点源氮素污染的源头控制技术,特别是20°以上坡耕地推广与实施灌木类植物篱模式,能长期有效地控制农田盈余氮素流失。     

Soil‐quality‐index model for assessing the impact of groundwater on soil in an intensively farmed coastal area of E China

Soil quality is important in measuring sustainable land‐use and soil‐management practices. It is usually assessed by evaluating important physical, chemical, and biological soil properties. For this study, a site‐specific 22 variables representing pertinent soil (0–10 cm) and groundwater properties were selected as potential soil‐quality indicators in a coastal salt‐affected farmland of E China. To investigate the role of groundwater in soil‐quality assessment, we designed two sets of minimum data sets (MDSs). Minimum data set 1 (MDS1) had inputs of the 19 soil chemical and physical properties whereas MDS2 was based on the 22 soil and groundwater properties. Using principal‐component analysis, discriminant analysis, and soil‐quality‐index (SQI) model, we demonstrated the procedures of MDS selection, indicator normalization, and integration of MDS into SQI value for soils used for the two cropping systems. Results indicated selection of SOCD, AK, and ρ_b as MDS1 indicators but MDS2 indicators included SOM, SOCD, Cl, Na, WT_g, and EC_g. These were found to be the most effective discriminators between the two cropping systems. Available K (AK) made greatest contribution to SQI using MDS1 indicators, however, WT_g, EC_g, and Cl were the greatest contributors to the SQI for MDS2. Contribution of SOCD to SQI was severely inhibited in cotton–barley rotation system while EC_g and WT_g contributions to SQI were inhibited in rice–rape rotation system. In general, cotton–barley rotation system had a better soil quality over rice–rape rotation system as the former had higher SQI values than the latter for both MDSs. Crop parameters did also exhibit significant relationship with the SQI values using MDS2 but it was not significant for MDS1. Our results suggest that in addition to soil chemical, physical, and biological indicators, groundwater properties particularly the WT_g and EC_g are also important for assessing soil quality in an intensively farmed coastal area.     

农用土地流转现状及模式分析

在家庭联产承包责任制的基础上,要发展农业规模经营和农业生产现代化,必须推动农用地流转。本文在分析近几年我国农用土地流转现状的基础上,比较土地转让、转包、出租、入股和互换几种主要模式,指出各种模式的优势和有待完善的问题,最后对基层管理工作、土地管理部门和其它部门分别提出建议。     

新疆农田土壤的氮素含量现状

与二十世纪八十年代初比，新疆农田土壤全氮含量有下降趋势，碱解氮含量普遍有所提高，但至少有50％的农田土壤碱解氮含量属于低水平，因此氮营养仍是制约新疆农作物产量的主要因素之一，必需继续合理施用好氮素化肥。     

中国农地产权制度改革风险评估

研究目的:定量评估中国农地产权制度朝国有化、私有化和集体所有三种路径进行改革的风险,为农地产权制度改革路径决策提供参考.研究方法:鱼骨图法和层次分析法.研究结果:农地产权制度朝国有化改革的风险系数为0.419 5,朝私有化改革的风险系数为0.375 6,在现有集体所有的基础上改革的风险最小,为0.204 9.研究结论:(1)农地产权制度改革应特别注意规避政治风险(0.602 5);(2)改革应防范群众反对(0.267 5)引发社会动荡的风险(0.228 4);(3)改革需要调查民众的农地产权意愿,维护大多数群众的利益.