山西老陈醋多酚类物质提取工艺的研究

以山西老陈醋为研究对象,采用超声波技术,探讨提取溶剂、提取温度、提取时间、料液比、提取次数对提取率的影响。通过正交实验确定老陈醋中多酚类物质的超生波最优提取条件为:乙醇体积分数为50%,提取时间为15min,提取温度为40℃,料液比为1:2,提取次数为1次。在此条件下,提取率达到了96.13%。     

Different physical forms of one diet fed to growing pigs induce morphological changes in mandubular glands and local leptin (Ob) production and receptor (ObR) expression

The physical form of the diet plays an important role for morphological adaptations of organs in the gastrointestinal tract. It was hypothesized that different physical forms of one diet could exert extra‐enteric effects, under local and systemic neuroendocrine regulation. Gross morphology, fresh mass and cytoarchitecture of mandibular glands (MG) were studied in growing pigs fed with one diet processed under four different physical forms. Four dietary treatments were offered for 4 weeks to 32 growing pigs (initial BW: 8.30 ± 0.83 kg) allotted into 4 experimental groups: FP, finely ground pellet (dMean, 0.46 mm); CM, coarsely ground meal (dMean, 0.88 mm); CP, coarsely ground pellet (dMean, 0.84); CE, coarsely ground extruded (dMean, 0.66). Conventional and immuonohistochemical techniques were used to immunolocalize, in particular, leptin (Ob) and its receptor (ObR). A significant effect was observed on the relative mass of the MG, depending on the diet (p < 0.03) and on the BW (p < 0.04), with no interactions (diet*BW). The immunohistochemical reactions for Ob and ObR showed a marked positivity in the MG from the group fed with the CM diet, displaying Ob‐positive acinar cells and ObR‐positive cells in the striated ducts, together with endocrine‐like cells. The intensity of chromogenic reactions positively testing to ObR was used to evaluate the cytoarchitecture of the MG and its possible correlations. Pearson's correlation coefficient resulted to positively link (p < 0.0001) the ObR expression with the absolute mass of MG in the 61.1% of pigs. The physical form of the diet is related to extra‐enteral effects, inducing changes in gross and microscopic morphology of the MG in the growing pig. The local production of Ob and the expression of the respective ObR in the striated duct cells shed a new light on the mitogenic activity of Ob in extra‐enteral organs, like the MG, in relation to the physical form of the diet.     

两种真姬菇摇瓶发酵产生菌丝体及 胞外多糖研究

;采用摇瓶培养法对2种真姬菇的发酵工艺进行研究,结果表明:真姬菇Ⅰ、Ⅱ发酵生产菌丝体及胞外多糖的碳源是葡萄糖,氮源是酵母膏;液体发酵培养基是葡萄糖3%、酵母膏0.4%、vitB110mg/100ml、KH2PO40.1%、MgSO40.1%,pH值为6.0;液体发酵的优化条件是初始pH 6.0～7.0,振荡速度110～130r/min,培养温度25～28℃,装液量150ml/250ml.2种真姬菇菌丝体及胞外多糖产量较高,真姬菇Ⅰ菌丝体干重、胞外多糖产量分别是3.92、8.83 mg/ml;真姬菇ⅠⅠ菌丝体干重、胞外多糖产量分别是3.25、7.69 mg/ml,即真姬菇Ⅰ摇瓶发酵菌丝体干重、胞外多糖产量高于真姬菇Ⅱ.     

General Phasor Diagram and Power-angle Characteristic Equations of Extra High Voltage Long Distance Transmission Line

Installing compensation equipments is a good manner to improve line transmission capacity and maintain power system stability in the extra high voltage(EHV) long distance transmission line.It is of benefit to analysis and control by describing the effect of compensation equipment correctly.At present,for predigesting analysis or increasing real-time calculating speed,concentrated parameter circuit model is widely used to analyze 500 kV EHV long distance transmission line which may cause bigger error.So it is necessary to get a more reasonable model.On the basic of voltage and current distributed equations of even distributed long distance line,this paper deduces phasor diagram and power-angle character equations of uncompensated long line.Then the authors analyze the effect of compensators and define two characteristic parameters,namely,equivalent impedance x_(eq) and voltage coefficient K_V.Any compensating states of EHV long distance transmission line,example installing the compensators in the line or not or which type of compensators,is described by the general phasor diagram and power-angle characteristic equations.Furthermore,increment calculation(equations) of two characteristic parameters is presented by the compensator parameters which may make the concepts clear and predigests analysis easily.     

高分辨率AFLP胶图的获得

扩增片段长度多态性(AFLP)具有灵敏性高、检测位点多等优点，获得高分辨率的胶图是AFLP的关键技术之一。本文借助BioRad公司出品的SequL—GenGT／3000PAC电泳系统，发展了一套分段点样技术，并对银染操作细节及电泳过程中的关键参数进行了一些改进，使AHLP胶图分辨率得到显著提高，泳道及标记带型读取简便、可靠，有效地增加了单板胶的样品数。AHLP的检测效率得到明显提高。     

Beam element end release by extra degree of freedom method

This paper develops a new method of extra degree of freedom (extra DOF) for the beam element with end release. Based on the strain matrix with extra DOFs, it derives the stiffness transformation matrix of released element, which can be applied to situations along global coordinate system or element local coordinate system. The effects of end release processing method for beams with large displacement are analyzed, and the results compared with those from other existing methods show that the extra DOF processing method has higher performance and accuracy.     

Immunomodulatory effect of Cynodon dactylon against white tail disease of giant freshwater prawn,Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man, 1879)

The giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is an economically important and extensively cultured crustacean worldwide. The viral pathogens, Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) are responsible for causing severe mortalities in the hatchery and nursery phases. This study investigates the protection of postlarvae of freshwater against white tail disease (WTD) using plant extract derived from Cyanodon dactylon and the modulation of the prawn non‐specific immunity. To determine the immunomodulatory effect of C. dactylon extract, the prawn was injected with plant extract and various immunological parameters were estimated. The immunological parameters such as proPO, SOD, THC and clotting time were found to be significantly higher in the plant extract‐injected prawn when compared with control groups. The results of real time PCR analysis revealed up regulation on the expression proPO, SOD and lysozyme genes in MrNV and XSV challenged prawn postlarvae treated with C. dactylon extract. Infectivity experiment showed high relative per cent survival in MrNV and XSV‐challenged prawn postlarvae treated with C. dactylon extract. These results strongly indicate that the administration of C. dactylon plant extract enhances immunity of the prawn. Based on the results, this study recommends that the immersion of postlarvae in C. dactylon plant extract is a potential prophylactic agent against WTD.     

Biogeography of Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in East and Southeast Asia

The causes of high biological diversity in biodiversity hotspots have long been a major subject of study in conservation biology. To investigate this matter, we conducted a phylogeographic study of five Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) species from East and Southeast Asia: Drosophila albomicans Duda, D. formosana Duda, D. immigrans Sturtevant, D. melanogaster Meigen, and D. simulans Sturtevant. We collected 185 samples from 28 localities in eight countries. From each collected individual, we sequenced the autosomal extra sex comb gene (esc) and seven mitochondrial genes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrate-reductase dehydrogenase subunit 4 (ND4), ND4L, tRNA-His, tRNA-Pro, tRNA-Thr, partial ND5, and partial ND6. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum- likelihood and Bayesian methods revealed interesting population structure and identified the existence of two distinct D. formosana lineages (Southeast Asian and Taiwanese populations). Genetic differentiation among groups of D. immigrans suggests the possibility of endemic speciation in Taiwan. In contrast, D. melanogaster remained one extensively large population throughout East and Southeast Asia, including nearby islets. A molecular clock was used to estimate divergence times, which were compared with past geographical events to infer evolutionary scenarios. Our findings suggest that interglacial periods may have caused population isolation, thus enhancing population differentiation more strongly for some of the Drosophila species. The population structure of each Drosophila species in East and Southeast Asia has been influenced by past geographic events.