基于高光谱成像的水稻穗瘟病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地进行水稻穗瘟病害程度分级,以实现水稻品种抗性评价或精准的田间化学防治,该研究提出了一种光谱词袋(bag of spectrum words,Bo SW)模型分析方法,分析稻穗的高光谱图像,自动评判穗瘟病害程度。首先,稠密规整地将高光谱图像分割成小立方格,计算每个立方格像素的平均全波段包络矢量,用K-Means算法聚类形成典型光谱包络词典。词典中光谱包络"词"(word)用作高光谱图像表达的"基",直方图统计各光谱"词"在高光谱图像样本中的出现频度,形成光谱图像的词袋表达。采用Hyper SIS-VNIR-QE光谱成像仪获取田间采集的170株稻穗样本高光谱图像,用Bo SW方法生成其词袋表达;植保专家根据病害程度类别确定光谱图像样本标签。随机选择2/3"词袋表达-病害程度等级标签"数据对构成训练集,采用卡方-支持矢量机(chi-square support vector machine,Chi-SVM)分类算法建立穗瘟病害程度分级模型。余下的1/3样本构成测试集,测试穗瘟病害等级模型的预测性能,分类识别精度为94.72%,高于主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)、敏感波段选择等传统光谱分析方法,其识别精度分别为83.83%和79.83%。该研究提高了穗瘟病分级的自动化程度和准确率,也可为其他病害分级检测提供参考。     

上向流曝气生物滤池中有机氮沿程转化规律与生物特性研究

为揭示上向流曝气生物滤池中有机氮沿程转化规律及其微生物特性,优化滤池的设计与运行,以有机氮废水为处理对象,在水力负荷0.329～0.50 5m3/(m2?h)、气水比4-5：1、沿程DO 3.0～5.85 mg/L、不加任何有机碳源的情况下,研究氮元素沿程转化规律。结果表明：曝气生物滤池内有机氮氨化与硝化同步进行,90%以上的溶解性有机氮（DON）转化为NO3-N;滤池沿程各段对于TKN的降解进程（TKN→NH3-N）与NH3-N的硝化进程（NH3-N→NO2--N→NO3--N）一致;微生物总量沿水流方向呈逐渐递减趋势;生物耗氧速率（OUR）沿程逐渐减小,OUR数量级为101 mg/（g?h）。该研究可为硝化滤池的设计提供理论依据以及滤池运行参数的优化提供技术支持。     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

水杨酸对采后桃果实脂氧合酶及相关指标的影响

水杨酸 (salicylicacid ,SA)是一种植物体内产生的简单酚类化合物 ,广泛存在于高等植物中。已发现 ,外源施用SA可诱导某些植物开花和产热 ,诱导烟草和黄瓜等植物对病毒、真菌及细菌等病害的抗性 ,Raskin( 1 992 )提出SA可以被看作是一种新的植物内源激素 ,其作用和机制受到人们的关注。外源SA处理对园艺产品采后的作用研究还较少 ,仍有许多问题尚待探讨。本试验以 2个不同品种的桃果实为试材 ,研究了SA处理后果肉组织脂氧合酶活性以及其他相关指标的变化 ,并测定了果肉的硬度 ,为进一步探讨桃果实采后成熟衰老机制 ,改进现有贮藏方式提…     

饲料企业进销存管理信息系统的功能分析与设计

根据饲料企业现状和发展趋势,综合饲料企业的物流管理,构建饲料企业的进销存管理信息系统,并引入地理信息系统,通过对空间数据的统计和分析,帮助决策企业运作政策。     

The induction of 1,3-β-glucanases and other enzymes in groundnut leaves infected with Cercospora arachidicola

Infection of groundnut leaves with the early leaf spot pathogen Cercospora arachidicola leads to a marked increase in extracellular 1,3-β-glucanase activity, limited to the infected tissue. Three isoforms of low molecular weight and extreme pI values, typical of pathogenesis-related proteins, were induced. These β-glucanases, when acting together, were capable of degrading the pathogen cell wall in vitro. Glucanases from homogenates of infected leaf tissue were partially purified by ion-exchange chromatography to give enzymes with molecular weights of 35, 32 and 20 kDa and pI values of 3·8, 3·6 and > 9, respectively. They were electrophoretically identical to the β-glucanases found in the intercellular washing fluid. Treatment of groundnut plants with 200 μM mercuric chloride induced the accumulation of identical extracellular β-glucanases. During the course of the infection an increase in peroxidase activity was also observed, but chitinase activity remained more or less constant.     

杉木凋落物及其生物炭对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

以福建建瓯万木林自然保护区内的杉木人工林土壤为研究对象,设置单独添加生物炭、单独添加凋落物以及混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理,进行一年的室内培养实验,研究不同添加物处理对土壤性质及微生物群落结构的影响。结果表明:与对照(S)相比,单独添加凋落物与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使土壤磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)总量、真菌丰度以及真菌/细菌比值显著增加;单独添加生物炭与混合添加凋落物和生物炭均使革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌比值显著增加。混合添加凋落物和生物炭处理的放线菌丰度显著高于单独添加凋落物处理的。主成分分析表明,不同添加物处理的土壤微生物群落结构存在显著差异;典范对应分析表明,不同添加物处理通过改变土壤p H、全碳、全氮、C/N、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和可溶性有机氮(DON)等性质,进而影响土壤微生物群落结构。     

DNA profiling of Capsicum landraces of Manipur

Seven chilli landraces of Manipur belonging to three cultivated species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum, Capsicum frutescens, and Capsicum chinense) form economically important food crops of the region. The genotypes were characterized using ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. The cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coefficient calculated by UPGMA method differentiated the genotypes into two main cluster groups. One cluster represented the C. annuum genotypes while the other cluster represented the C. frutescens and the C. chinense genotypes. C. chinense genotypes were more close to C. frutescens genotypes. Genetic variation between the C. frutescens genotypes was more than among the C. annuum genotypes and the C. chinense genotypes were the least similar ones.     

Effect of lowering the root/shoot ratio by pruning roots on water use efficiency and grain yield of winter wheat

A pot and a field experiment were conducted to assess the effects of root/shoot ratio (R/S) on the water use efficiency (WUE) and grain yield of winter wheat. The R/S was regulated by pruning the roots during the stem elongation stage, resulting in reduced root systems of the plants. At the heading stage, the root dry weight of root-pruned plants was less than that of intact-root plants, but their R/S was similar to that of intact-root plants under both experimental conditions. After tiller pruning, the R/S of root-pruned plants was significantly lower than that of intact-root plants (p < 0.05). Root pruning reduced the rate of leaf transpiration and lowered the number of tillers per plant (p < 0.05) during the vegetative stage. As a result, root-pruned wheat showed reduced water use when compared to intact-root plants before heading (p < 0.05). At anthesis, there was no significant difference in transpiration between plants with intact roots and those with pruned roots in the pots. However, under field conditions, transpiration of root-pruned plants was significantly higher than that of intact-root plants at anthesis. Additionally, at anthesis root-pruned plants had a higher rate of leaf photosynthesis and lower rate of root respiration, which resulted in a significantly higher grain yield at maturity when compared to plants with intact roots. Under both experimental conditions, there were no significant differences in shoot dry weight per plant between root-pruned and intact-root plants grown in monoculture. When root-pruned plants were grown with intact-root plants, the root-pruned wheat was less productive and had a lower relative shoot dry weight (0.78 and 0.86, respectively) than the intact-root plants (1.24 and 1.16, respectively). These results suggest that plants with pruned roots had a lower ability to compete and to acquire and use the same resources in the mixture when compared with intact-root plants. Root pruning improved the WUE of winter wheat under both experimental conditions. This suggests that appropriate management for the root system/tillers in wheat crops can be used to increase grain yield and water use efficiency. Specifically, lowering the R/S improved the grain yield and WUE of winter wheat significantly by lowering its competitive ability and improving root efficiency. Therefore, drought-resistance breeding to improve the grain yield and WUE, at least for wheat, should be made by targeted selection of less competitive progeny with a small R/S for cultivation in arid and semiarid areas.     

基于ArcGIS的商洛市耕地植烟适宜性评价

针对陕西省商洛市的6个主要烟草产区,以其土壤图、土地利用现状图和行政区划图叠加分析形成的图斑为评价单元,选取立地条件、土壤性质、土壤养分及p H值、土壤管理4个方面共13个指标构建了商洛市耕地植烟适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法和模糊数学原理开展耕地植烟适宜性的定量评价和分级,以期为优化烟草布局和种植区域划分提供理论参考。结果表明,高度适宜烟草种植区占植烟耕地面积的32.61%,主要分布在石门基地单元南部、灵口基地单元中西部、永丰基地单元西部及中东部等地区;适宜烟草种植区是研究区的主体,占55.00%,云镇基地单元分布最多、所占比例最大,米粮基地单元的中部、北部及永丰基地单元东部分布范围也较大;勉强适宜烟草种植区占11.09%,主要分布在景村镇中部和南部、石门镇北部和中部、腰市镇中部等地区;不适宜烟草种植区仅占1.30%,主要分布在景村镇北部和腰市镇北部。