应用纹理分析方法在线监测苹果冻干含水率

在果蔬真空冷冻干燥过程中对果蔬物料含水率进行实时监测,可为冻干过程监控和优化提供依据。该文研究以冻干果蔬物料含水分图像纹理分析为技术手段,实现连续表达干燥过程中物料的含水率。试材选用苹果,采用环形光源和高速CCD组件,在冻干仓窗外分别采集原始苹果样本MA和经CuSO4溶液染色的苹果样本MB在一个完整冻干周期中表面含水纹理变化的动态图像,运用主成分分析法对图像均值等6个含水纹理特征指标进行统计分析,并对原始样本纹理特征的第一主分量与其含水率W1、染色样本含水纹理特征的第一主分量与其含水率W2、W1和W2分别进行非线性回归分析。结果表明,模型的决定系数达到0.9376、0.9289和0.9930,且显著性检验概率均<0.0001,模型检验极显著。同时,模型相对误差基本<3%。因此,由果蔬物料含水图像的纹理特征可实现含水率的在线监测。该方法不但为真空冷冻干燥加工过程控制探索一种利用水分图像处理方法进行水分在线监测的新方法,而且也可在其他干燥加工水分监测及过程控制中应用。     

Impact of land degradation on soil respiration in a steppe (Stipa tenacissima L.) semi-arid ecosystem in the SE of Spain

Climate change scenarios predict increases in temperature, changes in precipitation patterns, and longer drought periods in most semi-arid regions of the world. Ecosystems in these regions are prone to land degradation, which may be aggravated by climate change. Soil respiration is one of the main processes responsible for organic carbon losses from arid and semi-arid ecosystems. We measured soil respiration over one year in two steppe ecosystems having different degrees of land degradation under three ground-covers: with vegetation, bare soil, and an intermediate situation between plants and bare soil.The largest differences in soil respiration rates between the sites were observed in spring, coinciding with the highest level of plant activity. The degraded site had drier and hotter soils with less soil water availability and a longer drought period. As a result, vegetation on the degraded site did not respond to spring rainfall events. Soil respiration showed a strong seasonal variability, with average annual rates of 1.1 and 0.8 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹ in the natural and degraded sites, respectively. We did not observe significant differences in soil respiration rates associated with ground-cover i.e., the temporal variation was much larger than the spatial variation. At both sites, soil moisture was the controlling driver of soil respiration for most of the year, when temperatures were above 20 °C and constrained the response to temperature for the few months when the temperature was below 20 °C. An empirical model based on soil temperature and soil moisture explained 90% and 72% of the seasonal variability of soil respiration on the natural and degraded sites, respectively. For the first time, this study suggests that land degradation may alter the carbon balance of these ecosystems through changes in the temporal dynamics of soil respiration and plant productivity, which have important negative consequences for ecosystem functioning and sustainability.     

Effects of Pre-Stratification Storage Conditions on Black Walnut Seed Post-Stratification Germination Capacity

The objective of this work was to quantify changes in the germination capacity of Juglans nigra seeds following storage and then artificial stratification. Seeds were stored at 5 and –20 °C under 5% and 14% internal moisture content (IMC) for 0, 8, 10, and 12 months under conditions with oxygen or under vacuum. Germination percentage (GP) was affected by storage temperature, IMC, and storage period. Seeds stored with 5% IMC succeeded in germinating regardless of the temperature. Seeds stored with 14% IMC did not germinate (–20 °C) or germinated during storage (5 °C). The GP was reduced with the time of storage in seeds at –20 °C and 5% IMC and this effect was avoided in storage under vacuum. In conclusion, the germination capacity of black walnut seeds did not change for up to 12 months at low above-zero temperature and low IMC (5 °C, 5% IMC), being the most cost-effective alternative for long-term storage of black walnut seeds in commercial nurseries. Vacuum storage avoided the decrease of around 50% in average germination capacity of seeds stored for a year at –20 °C.     

Identification of QTLs for Starch Content in Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.）

Sweetpotato （Ipomoea batatas （L.） Lam.） breeding is challenging due to its genetic complexity. In the present study, interval mapping （IM） and multiple quantitative trait locus （QTL） model （MQM） analysis were used to identify QTLs for starch content with a mapping population consisting of 202 F1 individuals of a cross between Xushu 18, a cultivar susceptible to stem nematodes, with high yield and moderate starch, and Xu 781, which is resistant to stem nematodes, has low yield and high starch content. Six QTLs for starch content were mapped on six linkage groups of the Xu 781 map, explaining 9.1-38.8% of the variation. Especially, one of them, DMFN 4, accounted for 38.8% of starch content variation, which is the QTL that explains the highest phenotypic variation detected to date in sweetpotato. All of the six QTLs had a positive effect on the variation of the starch content, which indicated the inheritance derived from the parent Xu 781. Two QTLs for starch content were detected on two linkage groups of the Xushu 18 map, explaining 14.3 and 16.1% of the variation, respectively. They had a negative effect on the variation, indicating the inheritance derived from Xu 781. Seven of eight QTLs were co-localized with a single marker. This is the first report on the development of QTLs co-localized with a single marker in sweetpotato. These QTLs and their co-localized markers may be used in marker-assisted breeding for the starch content of sweetpotato.     

苦菜耐盐机理初探

在水培条件下,研究了不同浓度海盐溶液对苦菜体内游离脯氨酸、Na+含量以及地上部Na+/K+的影响。结果表明:游离脯氨酸是苦菜在盐胁迫下起主要作用的有机渗透调节物质;苦菜根中Na+含量高于叶中Na+含量;随盐浓度增加,苦菜地上部Na+/K+变大,因此,初步认为苦菜是一种拒盐植物。     

钴对玉米幼苗生长发育及钴含量的影响

试验采用完全随机区组设计、盆栽与室内分析相结合的方法,研究了钴对玉米幼苗生长发育及其钴含量的影响,以期为玉米优质高产提供理论依据。研究结果表明:施用钴会降低玉米幼苗中叶绿素的含量,提高玉米幼苗氮的含量,但钴超过一定的浓度,玉米幼苗中的含氮量会下降;施用钴对玉米幼苗中磷和钾含量也有一定影响;施用钴会降低玉米幼苗根系活力,提高玉米幼苗地上、地下部分全钴含量。     

贵阳市主要土壤重金属状况研究

通过对2000～2003年贵阳市的白云区、修文县、开阳县、清镇市、息烽县、乌当区、小河区以及花溪区的多个旱地的表土和底土（53个样品）中重金属元素（汞、砷、铅、镉、铬）含量进行检测，以GB／T18407．1—2001《农产品安全质量无公害蔬菜产地环境要求》为标准，采用单因子指数法及N．L．Nemerow综合指数法进行评价，分析结果表明：贵阳市无公害蔬菜生产基地的大部分土壤中的5种重金属元素的含量基本在GB／T18407．1—2001规定的范围内，但也有个别区域内土样中砷、镉含量达到了警戒线的含量范围，如白云区底土中砷的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7968、乌当区表土中镉的单因子综合污染指数达到0．7542，两者都属于0．7～1．0污染警戒线范围内。总体土壤的表土、底土重金属综合污染指数分别为0．3785、0．4204，小于0．7，污染等级属于安全，污染水平为清洁，土壤环境质量为1级。     

Effect of alien cytoplasm and fertility restorer genes on agronomic and physiological traits of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern

To assess the effect of alien cytoplasm and fertility restorer genes on agronomic and physiological traits in Brassica juncea, cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) and fertility restorer lines involving five alloplasms in three nuclear backgrounds were constituted through repeated backcrossing. These lines were evaluated along with euplasmic lines for agronomic traits in field experiments. Respiration efficiency of in vitro cultured hypocotyls, and chlorophyll content in leaves were also estimated. Significant adverse effects of trachystoma and catholica cytoplasms on yield‐contributing traits and yield were noticed. The restorer gene corrected the floral defects in CMS trachystoma and restored yield to the level of euplasmic line, while it did so only partly in CMS catholica. Restorer genes had no adverse effect on traits in any of the systems. On the contrary, the Rf gene of moricandia CMS system exerted a positive effect on leaf chlorophyll content. Likewise, in vitro assay indicated the moricandia CMS system as vigorous. The moricandia CMS plants gave higher seed yield perhaps due to overall better vigour and higher leaf chlorophyll content.     

从土壤的储水能力分析黄土高原的植被建设

土壤水分是黄土高原植被建设的首要限制因子,并受大气降水和土壤质地等因素的影响。对黄土高原大范围内降水、土壤质地、土壤储水能力的区域变化趋势和不同植物正常生长的需水分析,认为黄土高原植被建设的对策是:在半湿润地区,发展乔林兼灌木,农作物以冬小麦为主,搞好耙耱保墒,使降水就地入渗;在半干旱地区,以灌木为主,兼顾乔林,农田以春作为主,争取雨作同步,并修梯田、水平沟等防治水土流失;在干旱地区,发展灌木和半灌木,不具备灌溉条件的农田搞秋作物轮休,争取雨热同步和伏雨春用或修隔坡梯田等发展聚流农业。三个类型区都可以发展草地。     

不同水肥处理对有机基质型砂培番茄产量和品质的影响

以番茄(金鹏一号)为试材,采用简易有机基质槽培,研究不同灌水量和施肥水平对番茄产量和品质的影响。设置3个水分处理,分别是高水(95±5)%(H1)、中水(80±5)%(H2)、低水(65±5)%(H3);4个施肥处理分别是只用有机基质栽培,不追施无机化肥(T1);追施化肥,尿素1 084.665 kg/hm2,硫酸钾483.06kg/hm2(T2);尿素1 812.825 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 115.775 kg/hm2(T3);尿素2 540.835 kg/hm2,硫酸钾1 748.505 kg/hm2(T4);采用完全随机组合,共12个处理。结果表明,在基质相对含水量相同时,番茄不同施肥处理中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及产量均以T3为最高,Vc及可溶性固形物则以T4为最高;在相同肥力情况下,番茄不同水分处理中H1的产量远远高于其他两个水分处理,但是品质却随着含水量的降低而呈现显著增高的趋势,以H3最好;综合考虑水分和肥料双因素对产量和品质影响,处理H2T3为最佳处理,其次为处理H2T4,也可以提高番茄的产量和品质。