Epistasis and Maternal Effect in Resistance to Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Eriks in Oats （Avena sp.）

The objective of this paper was to investigate the mode of heredity for resistance in oats （Avena sp.） to crown rust caused by Puccinia coronata Cda. f. sp. avenae Eriks, Eight generations of 2 crosses were used to estimate genetic effects and narrow-sense heritability （NSH）. Separate generation means analysis （GMA） indicated a complex gene action controlling this trait with additive, dominance, epistatic and maternal effects （ME）. The genetic model which assumed no epistasis and no ME did not accurately describe the resistance to P. coronata. In both crosses, the digenic epistatic model with ME was sufficient to explain variation in generation means for isolate CRec58 and isolate CRec46. Additive dominance and epistatic components were negative in most cases, suggesting that gene effects contributed more to the resistance than to the susceptibility. The estimated values of NSH were 15-99% depending upon the cross and isolates. The results indicated that appropriate choice of maternal parent and recurrent selection would increase resistance to crown rust in oats.     

Generation mean analysis of horticultural traits in mid‐late cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) under sub temperate conditions of Western Himalayas

Suitable breeding procedure for crop improvement mainly depends on the type and relative amount of genetic components and presence of non‐allelic interactions. Therefore, the study was carried out during three successive rabi seasons 2013‐14, 2014‐15 and 2015‐16 in mid hill zone of North‐western Himalayas, India with objective to estimate the main genetic effects including digenic non‐allelic interactions controlling horticultural traits in cauliflower. The generation mean analysis was carried out on six generations (P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, B₁ and B₂) of six crosses involving four diverse parents of cauliflower. The results obtained revealed that the nature and magnitude of gene effects differed in different crosses and showed importance of duplicate epistasis in the inheritance of curd diameter and curd size index, whose effect can be wiped out by following sophisticated selection procedure such as reciprocal recurrent selection and/or biparental mating in early segregating generation. Complementary type of epistasis was recorded in most of the cross combinations for the important yield traits, which indicates the importance of heterosis breeding for the development of high yielding varieties.     

甘蓝型油菜细胞核雄性不育性的遗传研究——Ⅰ.隐性核不育系9012A的遗传

研究结果表明:(1)甘蓝型油菜核不育系9012A不同于显性上位互作核不育,是一种新的基因互作核不育类型,其不育性受2对隐性重叠不育基因和1对隐性上位抑制基因互作控制,当隐性上位基因纯合时,对隐性不育基因起上位抑制作用。(2)在甘蓝型油菜中存在至少2套独立的不同隐性重叠不育基因,隐性上位基因与不同的隐性重叠不育基因之间的互作是非专一性的,这对于现有双基因隐性核不育杂种优势利用具有重要意义。 隐性上位互作核不育完全保持系的分离解决了传统隐性核不育杂种优势利用难点,为隐性核不育杂种优势利用开辟了新途径。这类核不育不仅在杂优育种实践中具有较高的开发利用价值,同时也是研究植物细胞核雄性不育机理的理想材料。     

用逐步回归鉴别上位性QTL互作标记的模拟研究

利用蒙特卡罗模拟对逐步回归分析在鉴别代表ＱＴＬ 上位性的互作遗传标记上的应用进行了详细研究⒚结果表明,逐步回归分析能够有效、准确地鉴别出反映ＱＴＬ上位性的互作遗传标记,并优于当前常用的双向方差分析⒚ＱＴＬ之间的紧密连锁会导致互作标记鉴别的分辨率降低,并使鉴别的效率出现扭曲⒚大样本和／或高遗传率可以从总体上提高互作标记准确鉴别的效率,而特定的互作标记鉴别的效率在很大程度上取决于它所代表的ＱＴＬ上位性的相对贡献率⒚显著水平也是影响互作标记鉴别效率的一个重要因子⒚本文建议在几种不同的显著水平下进行若干次逐步回归分析,并在确定适当的显著水平时考虑性状的遗传率及样本容量⒚     

籼型三系杂交水稻穗颖花数和茎秆特性的遗传分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性 -显性 -加性×加性上位性遗传模型和统计方法 ,研究籼型三系杂交水稻穗颖花数和茎秆特性的遗传特点 .结果表明 ,所研究的 7个性状除了穗颈粗外 ,其余 6个性状均以加性效应和加性×加性上位性效应占主导地位 ,遗传率较高 ,在杂交早代选择效果较好 .穗颖花数与穗长、茎粗、茎基抗折力间具有极显著的正向加性相关关系 .另外 ,穗颖花数除了与秆型指数表现极显著的负向加性×加性上位性相关外 ,与其他 5个性状均呈极显著的正向相关关系 .在利用杂种优势方面 ,茎基抗折力和株高这两个性状较明显 ,其次为穗颖花数 ,第三为穗长和茎粗 .从对亲本的综合评价看 ,不育系以冈 4 6 A为最优 ,恢复系以明恢 6 3为最优 .     

大豆γ-生育酚的混合遗传分析与QTL定位

【目的】通过对大豆γ-生育酚进行混合遗传和QTL定位分析,了解其遗传机制,定位其主效QTL,为高γ-生育酚含量大豆品种的选育奠定基础。【方法】以栽培大豆晋豆23为母本,以山西农家品种大豆灰布支黑豆为父本杂交衍生的重组自交系作为供试群体构建遗传图谱。图谱全长2 047.6 cM,平均图距8.8 cM,包括227个SSR标记,232个标记位点。重组自交系试验群体及亲本材料分别于2011年、2012年和2015年夏季在河南省农业科学院原阳试验基地种植,冬季在海南省三亚南繁试验基地种植。田间试验采取随机区组设计,2次重复。从6个环境中每个家系选取15.00 g籽粒饱满,大小一致的大豆种子,利用高效液相色谱法定性、定量测定样品中的γ-生育酚含量。采用主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析法,对大豆γ-生育酚含量进行混合遗传分析;采用WinQTLCart 2.5复合区间作图法,对大豆γ-生育酚含量进行QTL定位分析。【结果】主基因+多基因混合遗传分析表明,γ-生育酚受2对重叠作用主基因×加性多基因控制。遗传基因分布在双亲中。三亚试验数据检测出2对主基因间上位性效应值为0.4010—0.5169和多基因的加性效应值为0.1797—0.2146,主基因遗传率为11.27%—13.05%,多基因遗传率为82.51%—86.55%,多基因效应大于主基因效应。原阳试验数据检测到2对主基因间上位性效应值为0.9646—1.8455,主基因遗传率为39.51%—58.96%,没有检测出多基因效应。采用WinQTLCart 2.5复合区间作图（CIM）共检测到9个影响γ-生育酚的QTL,分布于A1（Chr.5）、A2（Chr.8）、C1（Chr.4）、K（Chr.9）、M（Chr.7）和G（Chr.8）6条染色体中,单个QTL的贡献率为7.29%—29.55%。qγ-G-1同时在2011年原阳、2012年三亚、2015年三亚3个环境下检测到,且均定位在G（Chr.18）染色体Satt275—Satt038标记区间0.01 cM处,解释的表型变异分别为8.97%、8.12%和7.91%。qγ-A1-1同时在2011年原阳和2015年原阳2个环境下检测到,且均定位在A1（Chr.5）染色体Satt276—Satt364标记区间0.01 cM处,解释的表型变异分别为29.54%和28.23%。qγ-G-1和qγ-A1-1 2个QTL能够稳定遗传。【结论】γ-T最适遗传模型符合MX2-Duplicate-A,即2对重叠作用主基因×加性多基因模型。其遗传同时受到基因型、环境和上位性的影响。检测到γ-T的2个稳定主效QTL,Satt275—Satt038和Satt276—Satt364是共位标记区间。     

玉米八个产量相关性状的QTL鉴定

以玉米优良自交系‘农系531’和‘SIL8’为亲本构建200个F2:3家系,利用复合区间作图法对8个产量性状进行QTL鉴定。8个性状共检测到34个QTL,单个QTL的表型贡献率为5.21%～26.62%不等,累计解释各个性状的表型变异为21.33%～74.10%。分布于第1、3、4、5、6染色体上16个QTL形成6个QTL富集区,且表型贡献率最大的QTL均位于富集区内。共检测到26对上位性互作,其中QTL间互作1对,QTL与背景间互作8对,背景间互作17对,所解释的表型变异为5.98%～15.93%不等,累计解释各性状的表型变异为15.93%～61.64%。多数产量相关性状的遗传基础非常复杂,上位性在产量相关性状形成的遗传控制中具有重要的作用。QTL富集区对于数量性状的遗传分析与作物遗传改良具有重要意义。     

水稻冠层叶面积和比叶重的基因型×环境互作效应分析

采用包括基因型×环境互作效应的加性—显性—加性×加性上位性遗传模型,分析了水稻剑叶面积（ＦＬＡ）、倒二叶面积（２ＬＡ）、倒三叶面积（３ＬＡ）和比叶重（ＳＬＷ）的２ ａ 资料．结果表明,这４个性状的遗传主要受显性效应及其与环境互作效应的控制,加性×加性上位性效应对其表现有一定影响．加性效应对ＳＬＷ 也有重要作用．加性与环境互作效应对２ＬＡ 和３ＬＡ 以及加性×加性上位性与环境互作效应对ＦＬＡ 和ＳＬＷ 的影响较小．遗传率分析表明各性状的普通狭义遗传率依次为ＳＬＷ＞ ＦＬＡ＞ ３ＬＡ＞ ２ＬＡ．遗传效应预测值结果表明,ＩＲ６６１５８－３７和ＩＲ６５６００－８５具有使杂交后代增加ＳＬＷ 的遗传效应,明恢６３在改良冠层叶面积中受环境的影响程度较小,认为这３个品种是超高产新株型育种的优良亲本材料．     

Segregation of bunch orientation in plantain and banana hybrids

Bunch orientation is an economically important trait in plantain (Musa spp. AAB group) and banana (Musa spp. AAA or ABB groups). Pendulous bunches are more symmetrical than subhorizontal, horizontal, or erect bunches and are, therefore, better adapted for transportation. Erect, horizontal, subhorizontal, and pendulous bunches were observed in segregating populations derived from crosses between plantains and bananas and among bananas. A proposed genetic model controlling this trait was tested in four populations. The true breeding diploid banana line, 'Calcutta 4' shows a pendulous bunch and has recessive alleles at three bunch orientation loci. The diploid banana cultivar 'Pisang lilin', which is heterozygous for the three loci, has a subhorizontal bunch. The triploid AAB plantain cultivar 'Bobby Tannap' has two simplex and one duplex loci, which also results in subhorizontal bunch orientation. The other plantain cultivar, 'Obino l'Ewai', which is simplex for two loci and nulliplex for the third, has a pendulous bunch due to dosage effects at the triploid level of the recessive alleles at simplex loci. Two tetraploid hybrids (TMPx 582-4 and 1187-8) have a subhorizontal bunch because of its duplex genotype for two loci and simplex genotype for the other locus. Bunch orientation might be an oligogenic trait regulated by the epistatic effects of at least three dominant loci. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Comparison of intra- and inter-pool crosses in faba beans (Vicia faba L.). II. Genetic effects estimated from generation means in Mediterranean and German environments

Genetic diversity between parents is important for hybrid breeding and for maximum usefulness of a cross in pure line breeding. However, wide crosses may suffer from poor adaptation in the target environments and recombination losses owing to disruption of favourable epistatic gene combinations. In this study we investigated the importance of various gene effects for different traits in the parents and generations F¹ to F⁵ derived from 99 intra- and inter-pool crosses among 20 lines of the Minor, Major, and Mediterranean germplasm pools of faba bean in Mediterranean and German environments. Yield performance of parental inbreds and progenies of crosses in different selfing generations was high in the region of adaptation of the respective germplasm pool. Heterosis for yield was greatest in interpool crosses of Minor × Mediterranean germplasm, amounting to 106% in Mediterranean and 72% in German environments. Interpool crosses exhibited significantly greater heterosis compared with intrapool crosses in both mega-environments. Generation means analysis revealed the importance of additive gene effects and dominance × dominance epistasis in Mediterranean and German environments. Dominance effects and additive × additive epistasis for yield were negligible in most crossing groups. Since intrapool crosses of Mediterranean germplasm in Mediterranean environments and crosses of Minor and Major germplasm in the German environments were most promising, we suggest crosses among adapted germplasm for hybrid breeding and for establishing new base material in line breeding in faba bean.