口蹄疫综合防控与环境控制问题

口蹄疫是由口蹄疫病毒引起的一类急性、热性、高度接触性传染病,对世界各国养殖业造成了严重的经济损失.目前通过环境控制的策略来综合防控口蹄疫引起了人们的重视.论文就口蹄疫的流行概况、综合防控及环境控制与口蹄疫的防控相互关系进行探讨,旨在为口蹄疫的综合防控提供参考.     

南方不同季节育雏鸡舍主要环境因子的变化研究

试验以有窗封闭式笼养育雏鸡舍为对象,于2018年3月~2019年1月开展研究鸡舍内环境的温度、相对湿度、二氧化碳(CO2)、氨气(NH3)、硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化硫(SO2)浓度和细菌总数,并分析环境因子之间的关系。结果显示:不同季节育雏舍内环境温度满足鸡群正常需要,鸡群成活率超过97%。夏季舍内相对湿度达82.48%,并且料肉比高于春季、秋季和冬季。春季、秋季和冬季CO2浓度易超标,不同季节舍内白天温度均高于夜晚,而白天CO2浓度低于夜晚。不同季节舍内环境温度分别与相对湿度、CO2浓度呈负相关和正相关关系。试验表明:有窗封闭式育雏鸡舍内不同季节雏鸡生长发育良好,但夏季湿度过高,春季、秋季和冬季舍内CO2浓度高于标准。建议夏季应合理控制舍内相对湿度,春秋冬季注意平衡舍内的保暖和通风工作。     

青藏高原放牧高寒草甸主要温室气体通量及其主控因素研究

在青藏高原高寒草地不同放牧强度区设4个试验样地,分别为原生草甸(NM)、轻度退化草甸(LM)、中度退化草甸(MM)和重度退化草甸(HM),监测草地温室气体通量。结果表明:不同放牧强度对草地温室气体通量影响显著,放牧活动对高寒草甸的影响首先表现在植被上,而土壤环境的变化比较迟滞。通过逐步回归分析和因子拆分得知,草甸甲烷通量影响较大的环境因素为土壤紧实度和有机质,分别能解释44.6%和28.4%的总变异,CO2通量影响较大的环境因素为紧实度和生物量,分别能解释36.1%和32.8%的总变异,氧化亚氮通量影响较大的环境要素为紧实度和有机质,分别能解释50.1%和22.9%的总变异,家畜的践踏作用使退化草地紧实度增加,进而引起温室气体通量的改变,高寒草甸退化演替发展到重度退化阶段时释放大量温室气体。     

笼养蛋鸭舍环境因子与鸭免疫机能及生产性能的研究

试验检测了春季蛋鸭笼养舍内环境因子分布和蛋鸭生理机能及生产性能变化,为蛋鸭阶梯式笼养模式提出改进建议。结果表明:(1)蛋鸭舍内气载有害菌和粉尘浓度随纵向通风进程持续升高,上层鸭笼大肠杆菌属细菌气溶胶浓度显著低于中层和下层(P<0.05)。平均光照强度自进风口到出风口分布均匀,但上层笼极显著高于下层(P<0.01);(2)上层蛋鸭平均产蛋率(69.37%)显著高于下层蛋鸭(P<0.05);累计死淘率(0.11%)显著低于下层蛋鸭(P<0.05);(3)上层鸭蛋哈氏单位为68.2,极显著高于下层鸭蛋(P<0.01);(4)上层蛋鸭血清过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、下丘脑GnRH基因表达水平均显著高于下层蛋鸭(P<0.05);下丘脑CRH基因表达水平,脾脏IL-1β、IL-10和TNF-α基因表达水平显著低于下层蛋鸭(P<0.05)。以上结果显示,春季笼养蛋鸭舍内,不同空间位置环境因子分布不均匀,下层蛋鸭长期处于恶劣环境,增加了死亡率,降低了产蛋率和蛋品质。     

Environmental mastitis in intensive high‐producing dairy herds in New South Wales

Objective To determine the prevalence of mastitis pathogens in high‐producing intensive dairy herds in New South Wales. Design Field survey. Procedure Milk samples from the mastitis‐affected quarter were collected from cows on five high‐producing dairy farms in NSW. The 820 samples were cultured using standard microbiological culture techniques. Results Bacteria or fungi were isolated from 83.3% of samples (683/820). More than two colony types were isolated from 16.7% of samples (137/820), two types from 6.6% (54/820), and one type from 52.3% (429/820). No bacteria were isolated from 24.4% (200/820) of the primary cultures, but enrichment cultures of these samples yielded single colony type bacterial isolates from 36.5% (73/200) of samples. Environmental pathogens, including coliforms, environmental Streptococcus and Staphylococcus spp., made up 91% (555/610) of isolates and accounted for 33.6% (205/610), 41.6% (254/610) and 15.7% (96/610), respectively, of isolates. Escherichia coli accounted for 76.1% (156/205) of the coliform isolates, Streptococcus uberis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae accounted for 32.3% (82/254) and 28.0% (71/254), respectively, of the environmental streptococcal isolates. Contagious pathogens were uncommon, comprising only 2.5% (15/610) of the total isolates. Conclusion The incidence and causes of mastitis are largely influenced by farm management. The relatively high prevalence of coliform mastitis in the intensive high‐producing herds in this survey contrasts with the low incidence reported in surveys of pasture‐based herds in Victoria. If the Australian dairy industry continues its current trend of intensification, coliform intra‐mammary infections may emerge as an increasingly important cause of mastitis.     

用循环经济理念治理畜禽养殖业污染

畜禽养殖带来的大量废弃物是农业面源污染的主要来源,畜禽养殖污染的防治主要采用还田模式、生化处理模式、沼气化处理模式及污染转移四种方式,沼气化处理模式是用循环经济理念治理畜禽养殖污染最有效的方法。     

安全环保型蛋鸡饲料配方的筛选与应用

在优化出海兰灰蛋鸡氨基酸模型的基础上,确立了日粮低蛋白水平15%、14%的试验;集成和优化了蛋鸡安全环保型日粮的配方和添加剂组合(包括复合酶、植酸酶、益生素、果寡糖、除臭灵等),开发出了产蛋鸡安全环保1%预混合饲料,使用该环保添加剂,在生产性能不降低的前提下,可使蛋鸡粪便氮、磷排出量分别降低;同时蛋壳质量和鸡蛋品质得到改善。     

夏季层叠式笼养肉鸡舍环境参数变化及其相关性分析

为研究夏季大型立体笼养肉鸡舍养殖环境参数变化规律,确立大型肉鸡舍的最佳环境管理模式,选取山西省晋中地区单栋饲养量为41 280只的密闭式肉鸡舍一栋,进行温度、湿度、CO2浓度、O2含量、风速等环境参数的分点多次检测与统计分析。结果显示:不同笼列位置,温度前端和末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),位置L2、L21和L40差异不显著,温差在0.8℃左右;各位置湿度差异不显著(P>0.05),CO2浓度前端、L2和末端与L21、L40差异显著(P<0.05),O2含量末端与其它位置差异显著(P<0.05),风速差异显著(P<0.05)。不同笼层,温度、湿度和O2含量差异不显著(P>0.05);CO2浓度上层和下层差异显著(P<0.05),随着笼层增高浓度逐渐降低;风速上层显著高于中层和下层(P<0.05),随着笼层增高呈递增趋势。研究表明:炎热夏季该模式鸡舍内随着风速加大(减少),可以增加(降低)舍温和舍内氧气含量,降低(升高)CO2浓度和相对湿度,舍内环境参数适宜肉鸡生长。     

Revision of Southern Hemisphere taxa referred to Fosterella (Crustacea: Cirripedia), and their extinction in response to Pleistocene cooling

Extensive barnacle coquinas (barnamols) formed around New Zealand's North and Chatham Islands during the late Pliocene to early Pleistocene. The inner‐shelf megabalanine Fosterella is the primary constituent of these lithofacies, which also include epifaunal bivalves, bryozoans and less modified balanids like Notobalanus and Notomegabalanus. The status of genus Fosterella is reviewed, 3 species are retained and a new genus, Porobalanus, is proposed for Fosterella hennigi, a species restricted to the Early Pliocene of Cockburn Island, Antarctica. Significantly, Fosterella did not survive the New Zealand Pleistocene, although Notobalanus and Notomegabalanus, which have fossil records extending back to the Early Miocene, remain important components of present day cool‐temperate Southern Hemisphere faunas. Extinction of Fosterella, in shelf waters off Argentina, is explained through a combination of changing circulatory and sedimentary regimes, competition for food and space, predation and physiological constraints. The driver of these factors was rapid regional cooling. Zoobank registration: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:DBB1CB34‐83E4‐48BA‐AA10‐81823017F37A     

畜牧业生产中的环境污染及治理对策

本文阐述了畜牧业生产中产生的畜禽粪尿、有机废水等废弃物对环境造成的污染，探讨了治理畜牧业污染的措施，提出了发展生态畜牧业的思路。