齿形木纤维柴油车尾气微粒捕集器过滤效率模型与试验

为增大柴油车尾气微粒捕集器滤芯的过滤面积,降低滤芯的过滤阻力,提高滤芯的过滤效率,设计了一种内部具有中空通道的齿形木纤维柴油车尾气微粒捕集器滤芯。首先根据纤维材料的过滤理论,建立齿形木纤维滤芯的过滤效率模型;然后通过理论分析和数值计算得到滤芯过滤效率与各影响因素之间的关系曲线;最后利用自行研制的滤芯性能检测试验台对理论分析结果加以验证。研究表明,试验和理论结果吻合较好,当尾气微粒捕集器过滤室壳体尺寸为直径140 mm,高150 mm时,木纤维直径为15μm、滤芯填充率为0.3、滤芯厚度为12 mm时滤芯过滤效率和过滤阻力都处于较理想的范围,使用寿命可达60 h,过滤效率为96%,排气背压为3 k Pa,完全能满足柴油车尾气排放国家标准。该研究对柴油车尾气净化机及环境保护具有十分重要的意义。     

Efficient purification of cell culture-derived classical swine fever virus by ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography

Large-scale production of cell culture-based classical swine fever virus (CSFV) vaccine is hampered by the adverse reactions caused by contaminants from host cell and culture medium. Hence, we have developed an efficient method for purifying CSFV from cell-culture medium. Pure viral particles were obtained with two steps of tangential-flow filtration (TFF) and size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), and were compared with particles from ultracentrifugation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), infectivity and recovery test, and real time fluorescent quantitative PCR (FQ-PCR). TFF concentrated the virus particles effectively with a retention rate of 98.5%, and 86.2% of viral particles were obtained from the ultrafiltration retentate through a Sepharose 4 F F column on a biological liquid chromatography system. CSFV purified by TFF-SEC or ultracentrifugation were both biologically active from 1.0×10^−4.25 TCID₅₀·mL⁻¹ to 3.0×10^−6.25 TCID₅₀·mL⁻¹, but the combination of TFF and SEC produced more pure virus particles than by ultracentrifugation alone. In addition, pure CSFV particles with the expected diameter of 40–60 nm were roughly spherical without any visible contamination. Mice immunized with CSFV purified by TFF-SEC produced higher antibody levels compared with immunization with ultracentrifugation-purified CSFV (P<0.05). The purification procedures in this study are reliable technically and feasible for purification of large volumes of viruses.     

Use of diatomaceous earth for the management of stored-product pests

Diatomaceous earth (DE) is almost pure amorphous silicon dioxide, made up of fossilised diatoms; it acts as an insecticide by absorption of epicuticular lipids and fatty acids, leading to desiccation in arthropods. Numerous DE formulations have been attempted for the management of stored-product pests with good results. DE is persistent in its action, poses few or no pest resistance problems, and it leaves no residue. The efficacy of DE is affected by factors such as: its provenance, temperature, humidity and characteristics of target pests and substrate. Application of DE at currently recommended doses causes changes in bulk density of the grain; however, the use of enhanced DE formulations provides control at much lower doses. Therefore, new formulations of DEs usually include other low toxicity insecticides.     

Treatment Difficulties and Strategies for Landfill Leachate

The current status of leachate treatment in garbage landfills and its treatment difficulties were elaborated and summarized. Based on the advantages and disadvantages of various landfill leachate treatment technologies, a multi stage treatment composed of pretreatment, bio treatment and deep treatment was suggested as an ideal treatment. A new way to treat landfill leachate was presented. It combines electrochemical and oxidation ditches with sand filtration. The advantages of the new technique were also analyzed.     

Production and isolation of azaspiracid-1 and -2 from Azadinium spinosum culture in pilot scale photobioreactors

Azaspiracid (AZA) poisoning has been reported following consumption of contaminated shellfish, and is of human health concern. Hence, it is important to have sustainable amounts of the causative toxins available for toxicological studies and for instrument calibration in monitoring programs, without having to rely on natural toxin events. Continuous pilot scale culturing was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of AZA production using Azadinium spinosum cultures. Algae were harvested using tangential flow filtration or continuous centrifugation. AZAs were extracted using solid phase extraction (SPE) procedures, and subsequently purified. When coupling two stirred photobioreactors in series, cell concentrations reached 190,000 and 210,000 cell · mL(-1) at steady state in bioreactors 1 and 2, respectively. The AZA cell quota decreased as the dilution rate increased from 0.15 to 0.3 day(-1), with optimum toxin production at 0.25 day(-1). After optimization, SPE procedures allowed for the recovery of 79 ± 9% of AZAs. The preparative isolation procedure previously developed for shellfish was optimized for algal extracts, such that only four steps were necessary to obtain purified AZA1 and -2. A purification efficiency of more than 70% was achieved, and isolation from 1200 L of culture yielded 9.3 mg of AZA1 and 2.2 mg of AZA2 of >95% purity. This work demonstrated the feasibility of sustainably producing AZA1 and -2 from A. spinosum cultures.     

Co-Treatment of EFF and 1-MCP for Enhancing the Shelf-Life and Aroma Volatile Compounds of Oriental Sweet Melons (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino)

Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation (EFF) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars (Yumeiren and Tianbao) during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15°C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (P<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05) decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.     

MgFe类水滑石法强化混凝深度处理猪场尾水及混凝污泥特性研究

为了深度处理经二级生化处理后的猪场尾水,采用Mg Fe类水滑石法强化混凝猪场尾水。考察了不同pH值、Mg与Fe摩尔配比[n(Mg∶Fe)]等混凝条件对猪场尾水常规指标以及其中微量重金属[Zn~(2+)、Cu~(2+)、Cr(Ⅵ)]和兽用抗生素(磺胺甲基异恶脞,SMX)等去除效果的影响,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)和傅立叶转换红外(FTIR)等技术对混凝污泥特性进行分析,制备了催化材料,进行了混凝污泥资源化利用初探。结果表明:当猪场尾水初始pH6.5时,TP、浊度和Cr(Ⅵ)去除率分别在95%、80%和35%以上。当初始pH值进一步调节至大于8.0时,MgFe类水滑石对Zn~(2+)和Cu~(2+)去除率可达85%以上,对SMX去除率在75%以上;Mg与Fe摩尔配比对各水质指标去除效果影响不大。混凝污泥主要形成的矿物相有类水滑石与磷酸铁矿物。通过煅烧混凝污泥制备高级氧化催化剂,发现在相同过硫酸氢钾(PMS)投加量的条件下,700℃限氧热解混凝污泥制得的催化剂比同条件下利用人工合成MgFe类水滑石制得的催化剂具有更高的催化活性。研究结果可为养猪处理废水与混凝污泥资源化利用研究提供支持。     

表面增强拉曼光谱快速检测生鲜肉中的瘦肉精

为了快速检测生鲜肉中的瘦肉精,该研究利用表面增强拉曼光谱技术,以沙丁胺醇为检测目标物,建立了一种快速检测肌肉组织和肝脏中瘦肉精含量的方法。在碱性环境下利用乙酸乙酯对样品中沙丁胺醇进行提取,采用Savitzky-Golay 5点平滑法和自适应迭代重加权惩罚最小二乘法消除光谱噪声以及荧光背景对分析建模的影响。为检测方法的重复性,对50个相同沙丁胺醇质量分数(1 mg/kg)的肌肉组织样品进行信号采集,对沙丁胺醇特征峰强度进行分析,621、814、1 253、1 489、1 609 cm~(-1) 5个特征峰强度的相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.54%、6.07%、8.65%、7.44%、6.81%,说明该方法具有较好的重复性。建立沙丁胺醇标准溶液的预测模型,沙丁胺醇浓度与其特征峰强度相关性较好,决定系数R~2为0.968。对肌肉组织和肝脏中沙丁胺醇含量进行检测,检测范围分别为0.01~5和0.02~5 mg/kg,检出限分别为0.01和0.02 mg/kg,其含量与预测实测值决定系数为0.912和0.921。研究表明,该方法可以实现肌肉组织和肝脏中沙丁胺醇含量的定量预测。     

Multiple molecular forms of inhibin in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ovarian follicular fluid

Inhibin is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone involved in the regulation of FSH release from the anterior pituitary gland and it has been characterized from various animals. Although, multiple molecular forms of inhibin have been reported from different species, however, the molecular nature of inhibin has not been studied in buffaloes. In the present study, attempts were made to identify inhibin in buffalo ovarian follicular fluid. Buffalo ovaries were obtained from the local abattoir and follicular fluid was aspirated from surface follicle (with diameter ?5 mm). A combination of techniques (viz., gel filtration, SDS-PAGE, Western blot etc.) was employed for identification and isolation of inhibin(s). Inhibin bands were detected at 129 and 63 kDa by Western blot analysis in non-reducing conditions. In reduced SDS-PAGE, 63 kDa fraction produced a single band while 129 kDa fraction resolved into four components of 63, 43, 29 and 20 kDa. Out of them only 29, 63 and the native 129 kDa fractions produced bands on Western blot analysis. In total five fractions (63, 54, 39, 29, 25 kDa) were obtained by trypsin digestion of 129 kDa form. However, only 63 and 29 kDa fractions showed immunoreactivity. In this study, for the first time, we have identified two major forms of inhibin (129 and 63 kDa) with little proteolytic cleavage/processing of the large precursor in the buffalo follicular fluid.