植物内生菌活性提取物对粳稻基因表达的影响

运用基因表达芯片技术,分析了植物内生菌活性提取物对粳稻的根系进行处理后,粳稻根部基因表达谱的差异。处理后,有883个基因发生了变化,超表达13个,与粳稻生长发育有关的基因6个。     

Tall Fescue Adaptation to Low Nitrogen Fertilization in Relation to Germplasm Type and Endophyte Infection

Efficient crop growth with low nitrogen (N) application is becoming a requirement to face the concern on excessive N emission to the environment and the increasing cost of fertilizers. This study compared six natural populations and three improved varieties of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) for dry‐matter yield over 4 years under ordinary N fertilization (450 kg ha^?1 in the 4 years) and very low N fertilization (only 40 kg ha^?1 prior to sowing). Both endophyte‐infected (EI) and endophyte‐free (EF) forms of each accession were sown. On average, ordinary fertilization implied 30 % higher yield than very low fertilization and the EI germplasm outyielded the corresponding EF germplasm (+4.4 %). Mean yield of improved varieties was higher than that of natural populations under ordinary fertilization (P < 0.05), whereas the two germplasm groups did not differ under very low fertilization. Accession × N fertilization interaction was found among natural populations but not among varieties (P < 0.05). A few natural populations were top‐yielding under very low fertilization and may be exploited, possibly in combination with endophyte infection, to select tall fescue varieties with enhanced performance under limited N application.     

Genetic analysis of late blight resistance in a new RIL population of tomato derived from LB-resistant Solanum pimpinellifolium accession PI 270443

Late blight (LB), caused by Phytophthora infestans, is one of the most devastating diseases of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) worldwide. Aggressive pathogen isolates resistant to fungicides have driven research in favour of finding new sources of host resistance for tomato breeding. Recently, we reported S. pimpinellifolium accession PI 270443 exhibiting LB resistance stronger than all commercial LB-resistant tomato cultivars. The purpose of this study was to examine the inheritance of LB resistance conferred by this accession. An interspecific cross was made between PI 270443 and a LB-susceptible tomato breeding line and advanced to F₁₀ generation. A total of 166 F₉ and corresponding F₁₀ recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were evaluated for response to LB in four replicated greenhouse experiments. Estimates of heritability (h²) of LB resistance, determined by parent–offspring (F₉:F₁₀) correlation analysis, ranged from 0.66 to 0.81, with an average of 0.76. The moderately high h² of LB resistance in PI 270443 suggests the utility of this accession for tomato breeding. Molecular mapping and RNA-sequencing efforts are underway to identify genes underlying LB resistance in PI 270443.     

内生真菌HND5挥发性物质组分分析及其抑菌作用测定

HND5是从健康的臂形草叶片中分离得到的一株顶孢霉属(Acremonium sp.)内生真菌,可通过产生挥发性物质抑制病原菌生长。采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HS-SPME)提取富集了内生真菌HND5的挥发性有机物(VOCs),利用气相色谱-质谱联用法(GC-MS)进行了挥发性物质的组分分析,共分离鉴定得到14个单体化合物。活性分析发现,石竹烯(Caryophyllene)和4-乙烯基-1,2-二甲氧基苯(Benzene,4-ethenyl-1,2-dimethoxy-)具有抑菌活性,对峙试验表明2种物质均对尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和多主棒孢菌(Corynespora cassiicola)具良好的抑制作用,其中石竹烯的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为2 916.07、729.54和404.23μL/L,4-乙烯基-1,2二甲氧基苯的有效中浓度(EC50)分别为62.72、27.60和23.54μL/L。     

White rot disease protection and growth promotion of garlic (Allium sativum) by endophytic bacteria

Thirty-five bacterial isolates, recovered from the healthy bulbs of Allium sativum that grow in different sites of China, were screened for their ability to produce hydrolytic enzymes and metabolites and to dissolve inorganic phosphorus in vitro. These 35 endophytes inhibited the growth of the causal agent of white rot disease, Sclerotium cepivorum (Sc), by 19–64%. The isolates 153 (Bacillus siamensis) (Bs) and 136 (Streptomyces setonii) (Ss) were found to be the most effective in decreasing Sc disease incidence, both by 66%. In addition, there was a significant enhancement in the growth of garlic plants pretreated with isolates 153 Bs and 136 Ss. Isolate 136 could not produce indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and did not exhibit an inorganic phosphorus solubilization ability in vitro. Thus, growth promotion by this Streptomyces sp. is likely to be mediated by a different, and perhaps novel, mechanism to that typically associated with growth promoting bacteria. An increase in expression of alliin lyase 2 was found in garlic plants treated with 153 Bs. By extension, the quantity of the antimicrobial sulphoxide, alliin, was also increased in 153 Bs-treated and Sc-inoculated plants, relative to the Sc-inoculated controls. These results indicated that this bacterial endophyte might protect A. sativum not only by direct antibiosis, but also by enhancing the expression of alliin lyase 2 and the concomitant production of alliin.     

抗玉米蚜玉米内生菌的筛选

为探索防治玉米蚜的新方法,从山东省玉米主产区玉米植株上分离获得61株内生菌菌株,室内测定了对玉米蚜的防治效果,筛选出高效菌株,并测定了菌株对玉米生长的影响及在玉米植株内的定殖率。结果显示,白僵菌属菌株YC1和链格孢属菌株GX5对玉米蚜的防治效果最好,均为74.80%,无虫株率分别为32.22%和55.64%;接入菌株YC1和GX5后玉米各组织的生物量均大于对照,菌株YC1处理组的根、茎、叶干重分别增长了9.64%、15.71%和20.51%,菌株GX5处理组的根、茎、叶干重分别增长了3.88%、8.16%和9.14%;菌株GX5在玉米根、茎、叶中的定殖率可以达到44.23%以上,菌株YC1在玉米茎中的定殖率可以达到63.44%,有较大的应用价值。     

Endophyte Infection May Affect the Competitive Ability of Tall Fescue Grown with Red Clover

Cool-season grasses infected with Neotyphodium endophytes may be more persistent and competitive than non-infected plants. In a greenhouse experiment, two tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) cloned genotypes (DN2 and DN11) with different growth characteristics and endophyte status (E−, non-infected; E+, infected) were grown in monocultures and in full competition with red clover ( Trifolium pratense L.) cv. Reddy Red for 20 weeks. When grown in monoculture, endophyte infection reduced the root dry matter (DM) of DN2 (16 %) and DN11 (5 %) when compared to E− plants, while shoot DM was not affected. In full competition with red clover, root and shoot DM of tall fescue were not influenced by endophytes, but cumulative herbage DM yield was less in E+ than in E− plants. Root growth of red clover was significantly depressed (22 %) in competition with E+ plants of DN2 compared to E− plants, but was not affected when plants were grown in competition with DN11. The relative yield total (RYT) did not differ from 1.0 in red clover mixtures with E− plants of DN2 and DN11, and with E+ plants of DN11, indicating competition between the competitors for the same resources. In contrast, RYT was less than 1.0 in the red clover/DN2 E+ mixture, suggesting a negative interaction between the competitors. Endophyte infection increased the competitive ability of DN2 but reduced that of DN11 when compared to E− plants. Because the concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in roots of E+ plants of DN2 was twice that found in roots of DN11 (1083 and 536 μg g⁻¹, respectively), we suggest that pyrrolizidine alkaloids might influence the competitive ability of some endophyte–tall fescue associations through a possible allelopathic effect on companion species.     

山西瘦肉型猪SD-Ⅱ系繁殖性状的表型和遗传参数估测

本文对山西瘦肉型猪SD—Ⅱ系繁殖性状的表型参数和遗传参数进行了研究 ,结果如下 :(1)繁殖性状存在负的母体效应 ,表型变化不稳定 (呈亲代高子代低 ,亲代低子代高的趋势 ) ,不适宜用表型选择进行选择 ;(2 )总产仔数、活产仔数、初生窝重、初生个体平均重、泌乳力、断奶窝重、断奶个体平均重、断奶头数、总乳头数的遗传力分别为 0 2 30、 0 2 42、 0 2 19、 0 2 5 7、 0 184、 0 12 8、 0 40 8、 0 419、 0 5 0 2 ,与国内文献报道结果相近 ,而高于国外文献报道结果。 (3)繁殖性状间的遗传相关都比较强 ,断奶头数与大多数繁殖性状的遗传相关呈显著或极显著的正相关 ,因此应作为繁殖性状的主选性状之一     

茶叶内生菌的分离鉴定及其生防功能初探

对采自福建宁德地区的大白毫和福云六号茶叶进行内生菌的分离和脂肪酸鉴定.从7份样品中共分离到16株细菌、1株真菌.老叶中均未检测到内生菌,芽叶中内生菌数量为26.5×106-139.5×106cfu.g-1.有机种植的福云六号芽叶含菌量是大白毫的1.94倍.常规种植的大白毫芽叶含菌量为97.5×106-139.5×106cfu.g-1,明显高于有机种植的26.5×106-28.3×106cfu.g-1.大白毫带有红杆菌属、微杆菌属、根瘤菌属和贪噬菌属的内生细菌,福云六号仅含有根瘤菌属和贪噬菌属.有11株茶叶内生菌对10种供试病原菌表现出拮抗活性,其中放射根瘤菌Eb659菌株抑菌谱最广,具有作为生防菌防治植物病害的潜质.