边新藏横交后代若干性状相关研究——毛囊性状、羊毛性状和体性状

本文用简单相关,因子分析和典范相关,分析了边新藏横交后代的33个数量性状间的相关关系。结果表明,所研究毛囊性状与羊毛性状间的相关除少数显著外,大多数不显著。毛囊性状与体性状间只有少数显著相关。羊毛性状除羊毛长度与毛囊内径比和外径比显著正相关,其它均无显著相关。因子分析和典范相关分析指出,这两种方法对绵羊育种中多性状关系研究比用一般相关更有意义。前者可用少量几个独立综合因子简化,众多观测性状的解释,同时保持原有全部观测性状的特征。典范相关既可分析多方面的成组性状间的相关,又能解释引起相关的原因,最后达到简化多性状分析之目的。     

稻田肥水管理对氮肥效益的影响

本文在阐明水稻氮需求、氮效应、稻田氮肥施用技术,及水分管理对氮肥效应的影响的基础上,提出了水稻氮肥施用应在适宜氮肥施用量的范围内,采取控前攻中施肥法,与水分管理结合,以水带肥,提高稻田氮肥效益。     

Endophyte Effects on Nutrient Acquisition in Tall Fescue Grown in Andisols

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan-Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin on the mineral content of tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum Schreb., SJ Darbyshire) ecotypes (Fukaura, Koiwai, and Showa) grown on two Andisols (Black Andisol and Red Andisol) with different fertilities. Black Andisol, with a naturally low content of phosphorus, was high in other nutrients, while Red Andisol, with a naturally high content of phosphorus, was low in other nutrients. Shoot dry weight was significantly higher in endophyte-infected (E+) than endophyte-free (E?) plants grown in Black Andisol. On the other hand, in Red Andisol, only Fukaura showed higher shoot dry matter production in E+ plants as compared to E- plants. In general, greater concentrations of phosphorus and manganese were found in endophyte-infected (E+) plants than non-infected (E?) plants. Accumulation of all nutrients in E+ plants was remarkably higher than in E? plants. Excluding the plant ecotype effect, the nutrient concentration and accumulation pattern for plants in the two soils was different in E+ and E? plants. Plants growing in Black Andisol had greater concentrations of phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in E+ plants than those of E? plants whereas for plants in Red Andisol the reverse was true. Significantly higher concentration of manganese (Mn) was found in E+ plants irrespective of soils. Regardless of endophyte and ecotypes, plants grown in Black Andisol showed significantly higher values for both nutrient concentration and accumulation than those in Red Andisol. Apart from the plant ecotype Showa, all other ecotypes had the greatest accumulation and concentration of phosphorus in E+ plants. In two types of soil and among the three plant ecotypes, endophyte infection had different effects on nutrients acquisition. Giving emphasis on nutrient accumulation, endophyte played an overall negative role on plants grown in Red Andisol. There may be a metabolic cost of harboring endophytes offset its benefit in Red Andisol. Since the same species of endophyte infected all three ecotypes, our results show that the host/endophyte interaction depends on plant ecotype as well as the ability of the soil to supply nutrients.     

Volcanic ash additions control soil carbon accumulation in brown forest soils in Japan

Abstract

The objective of the present study was to clarify the influence of volcanic ash addition on soil carbon stocks and the carbon accumulation process in brown forest soils (BFS) in Japan. The degree of volcanic ash addition to the soil was estimated according to the acid ammonium oxalate extractable aluminum (Al_ox) and lithic fragment contents, and their vertical distribution patterns. The BFS was classified in order of increasing volcanic ash influence on the soil into the following types: high Al_ox content with no gravel (H-Al_ox-NGv), high Al_ox with a high gravel content (H-Al_ox-Gv), moderate Al_ox (M-Al_ox), and low Al_ox (L-Al_ox), and then analyzed for carbon content, carbon amount, carbon stock, Al_ox amount and pyrophosphate extractable aluminum (Al_py) amount. The correlation between the carbon and Al_py amounts and the relationship between the Al_py and Al_ox amounts in the BFS samples indicated that the amount of carbon is determined by Al—humus complex formation, which is defined by the active Al generated from additional volcanic ash in BFS soil samples of BFS. Therefore, soils with thicker horizons and greater amounts of Al_ox had higher carbon levels in deeper horizons. For this reason, soil carbon stocks at depths of 0–30 cm and 0–100 cm, and in the effective soil depth of BFS, were larger and followed the order H-Al_ox-NGv = H-Al_ox-Gv > M-Al_ox > L-Al_ox. Furthermore, successive accumulations of volcanic ash on the soil surface promoted soil carbon accumulation as a result of the development of the surface horizon in H-Al_ox-NGv BFS. Our results suggest that volcanic ash additions control the soil carbon accumulation of forest soil in Japan.     

内生短短芽胞杆菌011菌发酵滤液抑菌活性研究

为明确短短芽胞杆菌011菌株在植物病害生物防治中的应用潜力,采用平皿打孔法测定011菌发酵滤液抗菌谱及其活性稳定性;采用孢子萌发法测定011菌发酵滤液对番茄早疫病菌最低抑菌浓度MIC及EC50;并显微观察其对番茄早疫病菌菌丝及孢子抑制作用.结果表明:011菌发酵滤液对8种植物病原真菌均有抑制作用,其中对番茄早疫病菌抑制作用较强,抑菌带宽度为5.5 mm;对番茄早疫病菌菌丝及孢子均有致畸作用;对番茄早疫病菌最低抑菌浓度MIC为30％,有效抑菌中浓度EC50为9.64％;其活性具有较好的热稳定性(100℃处理1h活性保持在95％0),耐酸性及抗紫外线(pH2.0处理及紫外20 W,30 cm照射120 min,活性保持不变).     

贵州坡耕地三种种植模式的水土保持效果对比研究

通过研究紫花苜蓿—玉米间作、作物分带轮作和玉米单作3种种植模式下地表覆盖度和表层土壤含水量月变化,年均土壤和养分流失量以及产量等,比较不同模式的水土保持效果。结果表明:紫花苜蓿—玉米间作与分带轮作模式可保持坡耕地全年覆盖,并在整个雨季保持较高的覆盖度。紫花苜蓿根系发达,增加了0—20cm耕层土壤中的根量,增强了土壤的渗透能力,保护了生物多样性,可减少地表径流39.3%,减少土壤侵蚀59.3%;分带轮作可减少地表径流10.4%,减少土壤侵蚀21.3%;两种模式都提高了雨季前和雨季耕层土壤中的水分,减少了水土流失引起的有机质流失29.9%～52.4%,全N流失26.7%～54.9,全钾流失27.3%～70.9%,缓效钾流失21.4%～58.9%,提高玉米产量33.0%～35.9%;紫花苜蓿—玉米间作还可收获紫花苜蓿干草13 664kg/hm2,复合产量是农民习惯的4.1倍;分带轮作可收获大豆、红薯、油菜等,复合产量为12 492kg/hm2,是农民习惯的2.7倍。     

钦州湾红树植物根部内生真菌初步研究

通过多年对钦州湾区域不同位点的红树林根际取样研究，发现暗色有隔内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌在红树植物的根系中普遍存在。报道这两类真菌在红树植物根部侵染情况的初步观察结果，并分析讨论红树林根部真菌存在的可能性和可能作用。     

带内生真菌的野大麦草粉对3种草坪草种子萌发及生长的影响

以多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)、高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)和草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)为研究对象,用种子萌发法和盆栽法测定了野大麦(Hordeum brevisubulatum)内生真菌(Neotyphodium)对这3种草坪草种子萌发及生长的影响。结果表明,在种子萌发试验中,野大麦草粉对3种草坪草的生长均有一定的抑制作用,而且内生真菌显著增强了野大麦草粉对多年生黑麦草苗长、须根数和对草地早熟禾苗长的抑制作用（P<0.05）;显著降低了野大麦草粉对多年生黑麦草和高羊茅的发芽率及高羊茅苗长的抑制作用（P<0.05）。在盆栽试验中,野大麦草粉对3种草坪草的生长均有一定的促进作用,而且内生真菌显著增强了野大麦草粉对高羊茅和草地早熟禾的苗长和发芽率的促进作用（P<0.05）。     

Biomass and tiller growth responses to competition between Ky31 and MaxQ Festuca arundinacea cultivars and response of Ky31 to exogenously applied liquid preparation of Neotyphodium coenophialum under glasshouse conditions

Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) forms a mutualistic symbiosis with the fungal endophyte Neotyphodium coenophialum which produces ergot alkaloids toxic to grazing animals. One approach to reduce pathological effects has been to introduce an exotic endophyte that does not produce toxic compounds yet still confers host‐plant benefits. We measured biomass accumulation and competition between two tall fescue cultivars with different endophytes grown in close proximity and tested if compounds from endophytes can diffuse from one plant to another. Ky31 (tall fescue with natural endophyte) and MaxQ (tall fescue with introduced exotic endophyte) were grown separately and together in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. The cultivars had comparable biomass production in monoculture, but when grown in mixed‐culture MaxQ had a significantly lower tiller number (2.92 ± 0.15 tillers/plant) and size (0.048 g ± 0.003) than Ky31 (4.06 ± 0.16 tillers/plant) (0.072 ± 0.002 g). Aqueous endophyte preparations were made and applied topically to E+ and E‐ Ky31. E‐ plants receiving doses of this preparation produced significantly more tillers (3 ± 0.18 tillers/plant) and larger tillers (0.074 ± 0.006 g) than untreated control plants (2.2 ± 0.13 tillers/plant) (0.0428 ± 0.0072 g). These observations suggested that a diffusible compound might induce a growth benefit conferred by the tall fescue endophyte.     

基于P一S一R模型的城市生态安全模糊物元评价——以吉林省四平市为例

利用P—S—R模型构建指标体系,采用熵权法求取权重,基于吉林省四平市模糊物元模分析方法,利用1991年、2001年和2007年的3期TM遥感影像,结合野外调查数据及社会经济数据等,分析处理提取生态安全评价指标,对四平市的生态安全进行评价。结果表明:（1）四平市1991—2007年城市生态安全状况是不稳定的,经历了由“不安全”向“临界安全”转化的过程;（2）影响四平市城市生态安全的因素并不协调统一,其中,城市化率、人均GDP、万元GDP能耗、恩格尔系数等指标为安全状态,而人均道路面积、建设区紧凑度、每万人拥有公共交通车辆、建设区绿化覆盖率等指标为不安全状态;（3）四平市在今后的发展中,要继续提高环境保护意识,转变经济增长方式,加大科技投入,优化产业结构,增加人均公共绿地面积和公共交通车辆,提高土地利用率,从而实现经济效益、环境效益和社会效益的协调统一。