Modeling the Inclusion of Fish Powder and Fish Oil into Extruded Snacks by Response Surface Methodology

ABSTRACT

Extrusion cooking plays an important role in the production of puffed snacks, which enjoy wide acceptance all over the world and are potential vehicles for increasing the consumption of n-3 fatty acids. Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design was adopted to investigate the effects of four independent variables (fish powder, fish oil, moisture, and screw speed) at five levels on expansion ratio, breaking strength index, hardness, color, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). A second order polynomial model was used to study the main, interactive, and quadratic effects of the independent variables and to explain the relationship between the responses and independent variables. Moisture was found to be the most significant factor (p < 0.001) influencing expansion ratio, breaking strength index, and color. Inclusion of fish powder and fish oil were found to be negatively associated with the expansion characteristics, resulting in decreased lipid oxidation due to less exposed surface area of the extrudates to air. Further, the absence of linear effect of fish powder and fish oil on TBARS demonstrated the possibility to incorporate higher levels of these ingredients to produce oxidatively stable extruded snacks rich in fish proteins.     

Freundlich动力学方程及其参数的物理意义探析

提出了Freundlich动力学方程的概念,给出了Freundlich动力学方程的微分式和积分式的推导过程,并对Freundlich动力学方程的微分与积分式中各参数的物理意义分别进行了讨论,最后给出了实际例子证明该Freundlich动力学方程是符合实际的。     

高阶中立型微分方程有界正解的存在性

讨论ｎ阶中立型时滞微分方程，获得了方程存在有界正解的充要条件，部分改进或推广了近期文献的相应工作。     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤入渗分布规律的研究

通过野外土壤入渗试验，分析了３种入渗公式中参数在该流域不同地貌特征与不同土地利用条件下的变化规律，探讨了不同地貌耕作措施，初始土地壤含水率，积水深度等因素对土壤入渗的影响。     

Growth and nutrient accumulation of Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) in agroforestry at different fertilizer levels

The Brazil nut tree(Bertholletia excelsa) is a frequent component of agroforestry systems in the Amazon because of its adaptation to nutrient-poor upland soils and multiple uses.We investigated the aboveground biomass production(kg dry weight),nutrient uptake and requirements(N,P,Ca,Mg,K) of Brazil nut trees of different sizes grown under agroforestry conditions and fertilized at different levels.Eight of 70 experimental trees with different size were harvested and stem,branches and leaves were separated.Nutrient contents were determined for three trees of varying size.Average tree growth was fast,but variability was high,suggesting considerable potential for the improvement of this economically important species.The trees responded to increased levels of fertilizer and lime with significantly increased foliar nutrient contents and growth,probably because of the improved availability of Mg and Ca for which the species seems to have a relatively high demand.In contrast to Brazil nut trees grown in forest or dense plantations,the agroforestry trees invested a substantial part of their biomass and nutrients in large branches and developed spreading crowns.To improve stem form,reduce competition with associated crops for light and recycle nutrients,regular pruning of lower branches or planting arrangements that favor self-pruning are recommended.These measures would also increase the recycling of Ca and Mg,large quantities of which are contained in the branches.     

基于流函数理论的近海风机非线性波浪荷载计算

《宋史·礼志》的史料价值主要体现在四个方面：一是记载较为系统与丰富,包括总体和局部两种情况;二是保存了部分珍贵史料,如诏令奏议、礼论等;三是订正他书讹误与不足,有时间误、人名误、职官误、地点误等;四是后世官私著述之史源。     

用链球菌疫苗免疫罗非鱼前后其差异表达基因的鉴定与分析

采用抑制性差减杂交技术（SSH）成功构建了罗非鱼O reochrom is nilotica被链球菌Streptococcus iniae疫苗免疫前后正、反两个淋巴细胞cDNA差减文库,富集了免疫过程中表达谱发生变化的淋巴细胞基因,并对文库进行了斑点杂交筛选、测序和ESTs初步分析。结果表明：文库富集了高丰度的差异表达基因,阳性率较高。正向文库中筛选得到21个免疫期间表达丰度上调的基因,其中1个基因与罗非鱼已知基因具有相似性,10个基因与其他鱼类已知基因相似,1个基因与其他物种已知基因具有相似性,9个为未知新基因;负向文库中筛选得到24个免疫期间表达丰度下调的基因,其中3个与罗非鱼已知基因具有相似性,15个与其他鱼类已知基因相似,6个为未知新基因。进一步功能注解发现,正向文库功能基因包括免疫信号传导相关蛋白、防御相关蛋白、肿瘤免疫相关蛋白和淋巴细胞相关蛋白,这些基因免疫后表达丰度升高,提高了机体免疫抵抗力。负向文库功能基因包括细胞免疫相关蛋白、感染相关蛋白和肿瘤发生相关蛋白,这些基因免疫后表达丰度降低,可以降低机体感染和发病几率。     

天冬氨酸对脂多糖刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究天冬氨酸(ASP)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激断奶仔猪生长性能、血细胞分类计数和血液生化指标的影响。试验选用24头断奶仔猪,分为对照组、LPS组、LPS+0.5%ASP组(0.5%ASP)、LPS+1.0%ASP组(1.0%ASP)。结果表明:0.5%和1.0%ASP可缓解LPS刺激导致的日增重的降低(P<0.05);注射LPS 4 h后,0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激导致的淋巴细胞比例、血小板数量的降低和嗜酸性粒细胞比例的升高,增加红细胞平均血红蛋白(HGB)浓度(P<0.05);注射LPS 24 h后,0.5%和1.0%ASP可显著缓解嗜中性粒细胞数量、嗜中性粒细胞比例的升高和淋巴细胞比例的降低(P<0.05);0.5%或1.0%ASP可显著缓解LPS刺激引起的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶、尿素氮、血糖的升高和谷丙转氨酶/谷草转氨酶的降低(P<0.05)。结果显示,ASP缓解了LPS刺激所导致的生长抑制和应激反应。     

L35等杨树新品种造林当年年生长节律研究

利用Logistic方程对4个黑杨派杨树无性系的1a生林木的树高、胸径的年生长节律进行拟合。结果表明：利用Logistic方程拟合效果显著，相关系数皆在0．90以上。并以此将各无性系的年生长过程分为成活期、生长前期、速生期和生长后期4个时期，年生长量在后3个时期表现出明显的“慢—快—慢”的节律，其中速生期内的树高生长量占总生长量的比率平均为66．4％，胸径生长量占总生长量的比率平均为64．0％。树高比胸径进入速生期早且结束晚，速生期持续时间长。对各个生长时期林木的生长特点进行了分析，探讨了林木的年生长规律，为加强林木生产管理、提高林地的生产力，提供了理论依据。