用丝束电极研究亚硝酸钠对低碳钢缝隙腐蚀的影响

在5％NaCl溶液和5％NaCl＋5％NaNO2溶液中，采用丝束电极技术测量了低砖、钢缝隙内、外的自腐蚀电位和电化学阻抗谱，研究了亚硝酸钠对低碳钢缝隙腐蚀的影响．结果表明，在5％NaCl溶液中，缝隙内的碳钢为阳极、缝隙外为阴极；随浸泡时间增加，腐蚀不均匀性增加．加入5％NaNO2后，缝隙内外的腐蚀电位都正移，电位差减小，碳钢的腐蚀速度显著降低．亚硝酸钠使碳钢表面形成致密氧化膜，有效抑制了碳钢的缝隙腐蚀．     

一种新的单根茧丝纤维横截面积测量方法

纤维力学性能分析中对应力准确测量的关键技术是对纤维横截面积的精确测量。针对茧丝纤维横截面形状不规则的特点,新建立了一种单根茧丝纤维不同形状横截面面积的测量方法,该方法包括单根茧丝纤维样品的有效切割、切割样品的扫描电子显微镜观察和横截面积计算3个步骤,具体操作是:利用普通锋利刀片和坚硬平板将单根茧丝切割成长4～5 cm的小段样品后,将其夹入约1 cm见方橡皮块的切口制成横截面观察样品;在扫描电子显微镜下完成单根茧丝纤维样品横截面的形状观察;根据单根茧丝纤维横截面形状采用不同方法计算单根茧丝纤维样品横截面积。利用此方法测定了采用不同缫丝方法获取的单根茧丝纤维的横截面积,具有简单、快速、准确的特点,有助于更加准确测定和分析茧丝纤维的力学性能。     

预应力薄腹梁质量事故的分析及鉴定

阐述了某工程由于施工原因，导致预应力混凝土工字形屋面梁强度不足的预制构件的检验鉴定过程和方法。采用回弹法推定混凝土实际强度；通过静载试验测试构件的实际挠度、抗裂和承载能力。分析了导致混凝土强度不足的原因。     

利用12C6+重离子辐射和尖孢镰刀菌毒素筛选杂交兰抗茎腐病突变体

为创建抗茎腐病杂交兰资源,本研究以玉女兰类原球茎为材料,采用¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射技术结合尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)粗毒素筛选抗茎腐病突变体。结果表明,经不同剂量¹²C⁶⁺重离子辐射后,玉女兰类原球茎的死亡率差异显著,辐射剂量为50 Gy时,死亡率为54.66%;尖孢镰刀菌粗毒素对玉女兰类原球茎存活率影响显著,当粗毒素滤液浓度为80%时,玉女兰类原球茎存活率为41.98%。采用逐步筛选法对经50 Gy¹²C⁶⁺辐射后的玉女兰类原球茎进行抗茎腐病筛选,获得14个抗性系类原球茎,筛选率为4.67%;对抗性系类原球茎进行分化、生根壮苗和移栽,获得3个抗性系Z50Gt₁、Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃。在含80%粗毒素滤液的培养基上抗性系类原球茎的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性均高于对照,POD活性峰值比对照提高了867.67 U·g^-1·h^-1;丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先高于对照,随着毒素胁迫时间的延长,转变为低于对照的趋势。对3个抗性系试管苗和小苗进行人工接种鉴定,结果表明,抗性系Z50Gt₂和Z50Gt₃的再生植株具有稳定的茎腐病抗性,2个抗病株系7个月大的盆栽植株病情指数分别为20.00%和19.33%,均为抗性级别。本研究结果为采用重离子辐射技术选育抗茎腐病杂交兰新品种奠定了基础。     

三角帆蚌消化系统扫描电镜观察

三角帆蚌消化系统扫描电镜观察欧阳珊，吴小平，邓宗觉，刘月英（南昌大学，３３００４７）（中科院动物研究所，北京１０００８０）关键词三角帆蚌，消化系统，扫描电镜ＳＥＭＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＴＨＥＤＩＧＥＳＴＩＶＥＳＹＳＴＥＭＯＦＨＹＲＩＯＰＳＩＳＣＵ...     

中国大陆地区基于太阳辐射经验值计算ET0的适用性研究

太阳辐射是利用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith(PM)公式计算参考作物需水量(ET_0)的必要参数。为了探究PM公式在辐射数据缺失的条件下,利用FAO推荐的公式及参数获得太阳辐射值(R_(s_c))替代观测值(R_(s_o))在中国大陆地区的适用性,本研究选用了中国大陆112个站点至少15 a的多年月平均观测数据,通过逐点计算分析了R_(s_c)和R_(s_o)的时空差异及二者分别输入PM公式获得的参考作物需水量ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)的时空差异。结果表明,R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)存在显著的时空差异性,二者相对差值范围为-2.86～4.41 MJ·m~(-2)·d~(-1),且在4—8月份差异较大;大致以"胡焕庸线"为界,线西北区域R_(s_c)与R_(s_o)的时空差异相对较小,且稳定,线东南区域的时空差异较大,且不稳定。但是,基于二者计算的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)时空差异却不显著,平均只有0.06～0.26 mm·d~(-1)的误差;"胡焕庸线"西北地区的ET_(0_c)和ET_(0_o)绝对差值常年稳定在0.00～0.25 mm·d~(-1),"胡焕庸线"线东南地区则随季节而变化,夏季差异相对较大。在实际的应用中,西北地区全年和北方地区春、秋、冬三季以及长江、珠江流域所覆盖的南方地区在1、2、10、11、12月使用R_(s_c)替代R_(s_o)获得ET_0具有较好的适用性,北方地区的夏季、南方地区的3—9月份使用R_(s_c)计算ET_0则必须研究相应的方法对结果进行矫正,否则会有误差,且偏大。     

Comparative external morphology of cetacean spermatozoa

SUMMARY: To compare size and morphology of spermatozoa in cetaceans, sperm and epididymis samples were collected from 10 species in four families and spermatozoa were observed with phase-contrast and scanning electron microscopes. According to the average total length of the spermatozoa, the 10 species examined were classified into the following four groups in order of increasing size: (i) Baird's beaked (Ziphiidae) and Bryde's whales (Balaenopteridae); (ii) Dall's and finless porpoises (Phocoenidae); (iii) common, bottlenose, and Pacific white-sided dolphins (Delphinidae); and (iv) killer and short-finned pilot whales, and Risso's dolphin (Delphinidae). Spermatozoa head length of Bryde's whale and the finless porpoise were shorter than those of the other species. Spermatozoa head width was widest in the killer whale and thinnest in the Baird's beaked whale. The lateral aspects of sperm heads from the 10 species were characterized as the 'anterior region of the sperm head is thin and flat while the posterior region is thick.' The dorsal aspects of sperm heads were 'paddle-shaped' in Bryde's whales, 'bowling pin-shaped' in Baird's beaked whales, 'Japanese fan-shaped' in killer whales, an 'elongated ellipsoid shape' in Delphinidae except for killer whales, and 'ellipsoid shaped' in Phocoenidae. Size and morphology of the spermatozoa showed interspecific differences among the 10 species examined, which correspond to cetacean taxonomic classification.     

UV-B辐射胁迫对水稻叶绿素荧光动力学的影响

研究结果表明，增强的紫外线－B（UV－B，280－320nm）辐射会导致水稻植株矮化4.71%-16.59%、叶面积变小、干物质生产量减少11.79%-60.57%。究其原因主要是叶片光合作用色素叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量的降低和叶绿素a荧光动力学参数的改变，光合系统Ⅱ受到破坏，光合作用能力下降、生长发育受阻。     

Stem-base disease and fungal colonisation of winter wheat grown in compost inoculated with Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale

Fungal colonisation of winter wheat cv. Cadenza by Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and Microdochium nivale was studied under conditions designed to avoid the splash dispersal of conidia from infested compost, to evaluate the possibility that systemic growth may transfer infection from the stem-base to the head. At decimal growth stages 33, 59, 77–87 and 95 the extent of fungal growth was assessed using a sample of 72 plants, by the recovery of fungal species from the stem-base, from each node and from the ear. Each of the fungi was recovered from stem tissues above soil level in some, apparently symptomless, plants. Symptoms of Fusarium foot rot were seen in an increasing proportion of plants during grain-fill and desiccation. There was an inverse relationship between recovery and the height above stem-base from which the stem tissue was excised. F. culmorum was the most frequently isolated fungus and it was also recovered from the highest position in plants. Only 3% of plants were colonised above the second node and none of the fungal species were recovered from either the fifth node or the ear. This suggests that colonisation and systemic growth from Fusarium infested compost is unlikely to contribute to the development of ear blight symptoms in winter wheat.     

深水抗风浪网箱监测系统研制方案的探讨

探讨一种声学监测方案,用高频、窄脉冲和分裂波束技术,实时监测养殖鱼的进食、生长情况,随时评估网箱内总量的增长情况,并且从水产行业的成本可承受性的实际出发,将成本控制在用户可接受的水平上。