菜用睡莲营养成分及重金属含量测定与评价

对绿梗菜用睡莲(Nymphaea tetragona)及红梗菜用睡莲的15营养成分和4种重金属含量进行了测定与评价。结果表明,1与104~140种(品种)新鲜蔬菜已知数据比较,绿梗和红梗菜用睡莲均有较高含量的维生素C、钠及较低含量的干物质、蛋白质、钾、钙、镁、铜、锌、磷及硒;绿梗菜用睡莲有较高含量的粗纤维、锰及较低含量的铁,红梗菜用睡莲有较高含量的铁及较低含量的粗纤维。2菜用睡莲是一种含钠量较高的蔬菜。3绿梗菜用睡莲营养成分含量总体高于红梗菜用睡莲。4湖北产区菜用睡莲的铅、砷、镉及汞等重金属含量符合食品安全国家标准的规定。     

食用甘薯品种的部分理化特性与口感品质的关系

对浙6025、宁紫薯1号、南京0281、南京0304、南京0364等优质食用甘薯品种进行了淀粉糊化特性测定、淀粉粒显微观察及相关食用口感品质调查.糊化特性测定结果显示,南京0304 和宁紫薯1号淀粉的峰值粘度较高,这与其在食用品质调查中口感较粘一致.宁紫薯1号、南京0281及南京0364的淀粉显微结构显示其淀粉颗粒大小较为均匀,口感品尝其均匀度较好.浙6025小颗粒淀粉分布较多,因此在蒸煮品尝调查中薯肉口感较细腻.表明,甘薯的理化特性与食用口感品质具有一定程度的关联.     

Changes during winter in water‐stable aggregation due to crop residue quality

There is a need to develop practices that contribute to increased water‐stable aggregation (WSA) during winter in a humid temperate climate when soil is particularly prone to water erosion. Our objectives were to determine the effects of crop residue quality on WSA during winter and to relate these effects to biochemical indicators of fungal and bacterial biomass. Three graminae crop residues were selected for their different C/N ratios and biochemical characteristics (green oat residues, C/N = 18.8; wheat straw, C/N = 125.6; and mature miscanthus residues, C/N = 311.3). In October 2009, crop residues were added with an equivalent amount of C in the 0–10 cm layer to a Luvisol in north‐west France. WSA, expressed as mean weight diameter (MWD), amino sugar, soil mineral N and water contents were measured at regular intervals during 5 months. Aggregate MWD of the control soil decreased rapidly and remained low until the last sampling date in March which illustrates the structural vulnerability of bare soils in winter in this pedo‐climatic area. The incorporation of all three crop residues had significant positive impacts on aggregate MWD. Despite widely different C/N ratios, the maximum MWD under each treatment was similar (three times greater than the control soil). Maximum MWD occurred at times that clearly depended on residue quality. Maximum values occurred early for green oat (29 day), but were delayed to 50 day for wheat straw and to 154 day for miscanthus. Results from correlation analysis suggest that variations in WSA were partly mediated by microbial agents with a dominant effect of bacteria for green oat and a combined role of fungal and bacterial biomass for wheat straw. We suggest that the maximum MWD associated with the miscanthus late in the experiment is related to changes in the composition of the fungal community. Overall, our study shows that autumn application of crop residues increases WSA during winter with its effect being microbially mediated and determined by residue quality.     

四种植物内生真菌对三种烟草病原真菌的拮抗作用

采用研磨法,从烟田杂草中分离得到4种对烟草病原真菌拮抗作用较强的内生真菌。对峙试验发现,内生真菌覆盖或包围病菌,病菌菌落与对照比较均减小。镜检结果表明：赤星病菌不产孢,根黑腐病菌产孢,孢子大小比正常的孢子小4．872μm×31．84μm;镰刀菌只产生厚垣孢子,病原菌菌丝生长畸形,严重影响了病原真菌的生长。这一研究成果为寻求烟草病害的生物防治扩大了拮抗菌的筛选范围。     

利用废菌渣生产单细胞蛋白饲料研究

本文以废菌渣为主要原料,利用酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)和黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)两菌株进行混合固态发酵生产单细胞蛋白饲料.通过单因素试验和正交试验确定最佳培养条件.结果表明,各因素对粗蛋白质含量的影响为废菌渣与麸皮的比例>培养时间>氮源>水料比;混茵固态发酵的最佳培养条件为废茵渣80%:麸皮20%,硝酸铵2%.尿素1%,KH2PO4 2%,MgSO4·7H2O 1%,水料比为2.5:1,pH为4,接种量为20%,培养时间为120 h时,此时粗蛋白质含量最高,由发酵前的9.61%提高到23.28%.     

Legacies from natural forest dynamics: Different effects of forest management on wood-inhabiting fungi in pine and spruce forests

The species composition of wood-inhabiting fungi (polypores and corticoids) was investigated on 1138 spruce logs and 992 pine logs in 90 managed and 34 natural or near-natural spruce and pine forests in SE Norway.Altogether, the study included 290 species of wood-inhabiting fungi. Comparisons of logs with similar properties (standardized tree species, decay class, dimension class) in natural and managed forests showed a significant reduction in species number per log in managed spruce forests, but not in managed pine forests. The species number per log in managed spruce forests was 10-55% lower than on logs from natural spruce forests. The reduction was strongest on logs of large dimensions. A comparison of 200-400 spruce logs from natural and managed forests showed a 25% reduction in species richness corresponding to a conservative loss of ca. 40 species on a regional scale.A closer inspection revealed that species confined to medium and very decayed spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests, whereas species on early decay classes and decay generalists were unaffected. Similarly, species preferring large spruce logs were disfavored in managed forests. Forest management had strongest impact on low-frequent species in the spruce forests (more than 50% reduction), whereas common species were modestly affected. Corticoid fungi were more adversely affected than polypore fungi.These results indicate that wood-decaying fungi in pine forests are more adapted to forest disturbances than spruce-associated species. Management measures securing a continuous supply of dead wood are more important in spruce forests than in pine forests.     

降解稻草纤维素真菌的初步研究

从自然腐烂的稻草秸秆中分离筛选出126霉菌菌株,并从中筛选出10株降解稻草秸秆能力较好的菌株。其中以A242,A251降解秸秆纤维素能力较强;A321,B311降解秸秆半纤维素能力较强。A242,B311菌株的稻草粉发酵降解液中还原糖质量分数分别达到94.104 4,90.627 4 mg/g稻草粉;A321,B321菌株的稻草粉发酵降解液中木糖质量分数分别达到11.821 0,12.121 9 mg/g稻草粉。可综合其各自发酵的优势,将其作为初始菌株进行进一步的优化。     

转基因植物口服疫苗研究进展

利用转基因技术构建植物生物反应器,生产口服疫苗是目前新兴的研究领域。与其他疫苗生产方式相比,转基因植物口服疫苗生产技术具有高效、经济和简便等特点。根据转基因植物口服疫苗的特点,人和家畜家禽摄食方式的不同,应用转基因植物口服疫苗预防集约化饲养动物传染病的发生和流行,具有更为重要的意义。因此,转基因植物口服疫苗的研究热点逐渐由人的转基因植物口服疫苗向家畜和家禽的转基因植物口服疫苗的方向转移。文章就转基因植物口服疫苗的优点、人口服的转基因植物疫苗、家畜饲用的转基因植物疫苗及禽用的转基因植物口服疫苗做一综述。     

木薯/花生间作对其根际土壤微生物数量、群落结构及多样性的影响

[目的]研究木薯或花生单作与木薯/花生间作对木薯和花生根际土壤细菌、真菌数量与群落结构及多样性的影响,为从根际微生态角度阐释木薯与花生的地下部互作机制提供科学依据.[方法]设木薯单作、花生单作和木薯/花生间作3个处理,采用实时荧光定量PCR(Real-time PCR)分别测定单作与间作的根际土壤细菌和真菌数量,并通过变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)进行细菌和真菌群落结构及多样性分析.[结果]不论单作或间作,木薯和花生根际土壤细菌、真菌数量均随着生育期的延长呈先增长后下降的变化趋势,在木薯块根形成期和花生结荚期达到峰值.木薯/花生间作后期根际土壤细菌与真菌数量的比值(B/F)提高,有利于木薯和花生的根际土壤向细菌型转化,且间作木薯根际土壤B/F比间作花生分别提高了1.02和1.25倍.在木薯块根形成期和花生结荚期,与单作相比,间作的DGGE图谱特异条带数有所改变,多样性指数有所降低,但与单作多样性指数差异不明显.[结论]木薯/花生间作有利于木薯和花生根际土壤向高肥力的细菌型转化,且间作同时可改变木薯和花生根际土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构,但对其多样性影响不明显.     

千岛湖野菜植物资源及其开发利用

千岛湖野菜植物有91种,隶属40科74属,研究千岛湖野菜植物的生长习性、适生条件、食用部位及其药用价值;阐述野菜植物的特点,提出千岛湖野菜植物的开发利用建议。