不同添料频率对蚯蚓堆肥的影响

为探讨蚯蚓堆肥时适宜的添料频率，通过饲养试验研究了7种添料频率对蚯蚓生长及基质养分的影响。结果表明：添料频率为7 d一次的处理组中能获得最高的蚯蚓体重，蚯蚓平均体重达到0.138 7 g·条-1。同时，该处理中基质总有机碳含量最低，总氮、总磷、速效磷和铵态氮含量最高。添料频率会影响蚯蚓生长和堆肥效果，最佳的添料频率为7 d一次。     

蚯蚓对牛粪中碳、氮及其他营养物质转化的影响

试验地位于安徽肥东县桂和养牛场,选择6个地块作为消解床,新鲜奶牛粪采用均匀堆垄铺在消解床上。分析了60 d内奶牛粪便自然堆制和蚯蚓堆制2种处理方式的堆制物的理化性质。结果表明,蚯蚓粪p H、总碳、有机碳、全氮、全钾含量均低于传统的牛粪自然堆制物,全磷、速效磷、速效氮和速效钾均高于牛粪自然堆制物,蚯蚓粪的速效氮和速效磷占全氮和全磷的百分比均分别逐渐升高。由此认为,与自然堆制相比,牛粪蚯蚓堆制加快了堆制物矿化速率,提高了堆制物速效养分含量。     

蚯蚓-菌根相互作用对Cd污染土壤中速效养分及植物生长的影响

以灰化土(Aquods)为供试土壤,分别加入4个浓度的Cd2 (0、5、10、20mg·kg-1)模拟土壤污染,设置每钵接种8条蚯蚓(Pheretimasp.)、接种菌根(InoculumEndorize-Mix2)和同时接种蚯蚓和菌根的处理,以不加蚯蚓和菌根为对照,并种植黑麦草(Loliummultiflorum),研究蚯蚓菌根相互作用对Cd污染土壤中速效养分和黑麦草生长的影响。结果表明,在供试土壤上和设定的浓度范围内,菌根浸染率不受添加Cd浓度的影响,平均浸染率为22%,加入蚯蚓能使菌根的侵染率提高9%。在Cd污染的土壤上,引进蚯蚓显著增加了黑麦草地上部的生物量,接种菌根对黑麦草地上部分产量没有明显影响,同时接种蚯蚓和菌根与只接种蚯蚓相比没有显著差异。只接种蚯蚓或菌根均能显著提高土壤中速效N、P的含量,而对速效K的含量无显著影响。菌根与蚯蚓并不存在着增加土壤中速效N、P、K的协同作用。蚯蚓、菌根均能增加黑麦草对N、P的吸收,同时接种蚯蚓和菌根促进了黑麦草对N的吸收,但没有促进对P的吸收。不论只接种蚯蚓或菌根,还是同时接种蚯蚓和菌根均不能促进黑麦草对K的吸收。     

三种兽药在不同暴露系统对蚯蚓的急性毒性

采用人工土壤法和滤纸法对不同浓度的阿维菌素、安普霉素、磺胺二甲基嘧啶3种常用兽药对蚯蚓的急性毒性进行了研究。结果表明,用土壤法和滤纸法测定的阿维菌素对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为17.06mg·kg-1和4.63×10-3mg·cm-2,阿维菌素对蚯蚓具有一定的毒性作用,其皮肤接触毒性比土壤食入毒性更大。用滤纸法测定的安普霉素、磺胺二甲基嘧啶对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别大于10mg·cm-2和15mg·cm-2;用土壤法测定安普霉素、磺胺二甲基嘧啶对蚯蚓的半数致死浓度(LC50)均大于5000mg·kg-1,表明安普霉素、磺胺二甲基嘧啶对蚯蚓的毒性较低。     

两种除草剂复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性效应

以赤子爱胜蚓为研究对象,采用滤纸急性毒性实验,研究了农药绿麦隆与阿特拉津对蚯蚓的单一和复合毒性效应,2种农药对蚯蚓体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD酶)活力的影响以及通过苏木素-伊红(HE)染色病理染色切片观察了染毒蚯蚓的细胞形态。单一毒性实验表明,阿特拉津对蚯蚓的毒性大于绿麦隆,绿麦隆和阿特拉津48 h的半致死浓度分别为189.64和43.33 mg.L-1。复合毒性实验表明,绿麦隆分别与30和40 mg.L-1阿特拉津复合,其48 h的半致死量分别为116.03和48.14 mg.L-1。绿麦隆和阿特拉津的复合污染对蚯蚓的毒性具有明显的协同作用,而这种协同作用与污染物的浓度有关。通过观察单一和复合体系中毒蚯蚓SOD酶活力可以看出,无论是单一还是复合体系,随着2种农药浓度的增加,蚯蚓体内SOD酶活性增强。病理HE切片表明,随着绿麦隆浓度的增加,蚯蚓表皮和肠道受损越来越严重,而阿特拉津单体系和绿麦隆与阿特拉津复合体系中毒蚯蚓的消化道破损比较严重,说明绿麦隆和阿特拉津进入蚯蚓体内后作用的部位不同。     

The relationship between Sr and Ca accumulation in the major constituents of a terrestrial community resident on a celestitic (Sr SO4) soil in S.W. England

The accumulation and depuration of Ca and Sr were measured in populations of the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus, originating from calcareous and acidic soils, following laboratory exposure to a Sr-rich soil and a control soil. Populations from acidic soils accumulated more Sr than those from calcareous soils, when placed in a Sr-rich soil. After transferal from a Sr-rich soil to Sr-free soil, all populations depurated the majority of their body Sr (84 %-96 %) whilst maintaining their body Ca concentration; the Sr excretion was greater in the populations originating from acidic soils. ICP-MS cation analysis demonstrated the majority of Ca and Sr to be located in anterior alimentary canal and the majority of Sr was lost from this region.     

Experiences with Novel Approaches in Earthworm Testing Alternatives (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   The earthworm avoidance test is a sensitive screening test. Currently, two test designs, a two-chamber system and a six-chamber system, are under standardization. In the scope of the present study, the two test systems are compared. To assess the results, two procedures are applied, which are based on a threshold value and a statistical method. Moreover, the sensitivity of the avoidance test is compared with the sensitivity of the reproduction test. Methods   The avoidance behaviour of E. fetida towards five chemicals (Cd, Cu, PCP, TBT, TNT) was tested in a sandy and a loamy soil. The ecotoxicological test was performed according to the draft guideline ISO/DIS 17512-1. The results were compared with the number of offspring determined in the reproduction test carried out according to ISO 11268-2. Results and Discussion   The results demonstrate that the avoidance behaviour towards organic chemicals and heavy metals is a suitable screening method showing first tendencies of a chemical's effects on the habitat function of soils. Effects caused by chemical substances become visible at low concentrations and within short test periods. The sensitivity of the reproduction test and the avoidance test is principally comparable; in some cases, the avoidance test showed more sensitive reactions. The dose-response-relationships were more pronounced in the two-chamber test than in the six-chamber-system. Recommendation and Outlook   The two-chamber-system proved to be more feasible than the six-chamber-system. As the sensitivity of the avoidance test and the reproduction test is comparable, the avoidance test can be considered as a suitable screening test as well. A possible field of application may be the selection of soil samples for which the reproduction assay seems necessary. To assess contaminated or remediated soils, the earthworm reproduction test is recommended as an indicator for the habitat function of the soils. To reduce costs, the labour intensive reproduction test could be largely replaced by the avoidance test in performing the earth-worm reproduction test only for relevant samples. Before the Draft International Standard of the guideline will be adopted as an ISO Guideline, there will be sufficient time left to gain further international experience required to finalize the method.     

种养废弃物生物处理技术的应用

种养废弃物生物处理技术是利用蚯蚓养殖处理玉米秸秆和养殖场粪便的技术模式。技术的应用为种养废弃物提供了一条资源化利用之路,可以减少秸秆焚烧现象,提高空气质量,解决养殖粪便污染,实现资源化利用,促进增加农民收入,为农村经济发展提供一条致富新途径,具有较好的经济效益和社会生态效益,对促进天津市“美丽乡村”建设具有重要意义。基于此本文深入分析了试验结果,详细阐述了该技术的创新点,以及对社会及环境生态效益。