赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)对秸秆施入后土壤有机碳和微生物的影响

蚯蚓能够通过自身生命活动和对土著土壤生物的调控作用而直接或间接影响土壤活性有机碳的变化。为探索蚯蚓影响土壤有机碳变化的机理,在混入水稻秸秆的灭菌/未灭菌土壤中接种蚯蚓(Eisenia fetida),以不接种蚯蚓的处理为对照,比较30 d微宇宙培养后不同处理土壤有机碳含量及土壤微生物群落结构的变化。结果显示,接种蚯蚓增加了土壤微生物量碳(MBC)和CO2累积排放量,但仅在灭菌土壤中存在显著性差异。接种蚯蚓对土壤总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳(LOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)的影响则因土壤是否灭菌而异。末端限制性片段长度多样性(T-RFLP)分析显示,在灭菌土壤中接种蚯蚓获得了更多的末端片段(TRFs),而在未灭菌土壤中蚯蚓的存在并未明显改变TRFs的数量,且接种蚯蚓与无蚯蚓的处理共享了近50%的TRFs。冗余分析(RDA)显示土壤细菌群落结构因蚯蚓是否存在而不同,但仅在灭菌土壤中接种蚯蚓的处理同时与LOC、DOC、MBC和CO2累积排放量呈较好的正相关关系。因此认为,在该实验的灭菌土壤中,来源于蚯蚓肠道的微生物可能通过快速繁殖并成为优势种进而影响土壤有机碳的变化,但这一作用在未灭菌土壤中则有可能因为土壤土著微生物的竞争作用而被削弱。     

穴养蚯蚓对四季蜜芒树生长发育的影响

为揭示蚯蚓对四季蜜芒营养水平和生长发育的影响,2005~2006年在广西百色国家农业科技园区四季蜜芒示范园开展四季蜜芒树盘下穴养蚯蚓试验研究。结果表明:蚯蚓处理能显著促进四季蜜芒树冠的扩大、增加末级梢总数、增加叶片量。蚯蚓处理试验株树冠冠径是对照的1.2倍,枝条末级梢总数和叶片量是对照的2.2倍。     

蚯蚓活动对铜尾矿复垦地土壤氮的影响

在室内恒温（20℃）培养1个月后,研究了蚯蚓活动对铜尾矿复垦地土壤碱解氮和全氮的影响。实验分别设置荩草和小飞蓬2种植被土的4种处理：①不接种蚯蚓、不添加秸秆的对照（S）;②仅接种蚯蚓（E）;③仅添加秸秆（O）;④接种蚯蚓、添加秸秆（OE）,各重复3个。试验结果显示：无论是否添加秸秆,在矿区复垦地接种蚯蚓（E,0E）可显著提高土壤中碱解氮的含量（P〈0．05）。荩草接种蚯蚓（E）碱解氮含量是对照（S）的1．10倍,小飞蓬接种蚯蚓（E）碱解氮含量是对照（S）的1．06倍;在矿区复垦地接种蚯蚓（E,OE）可显著提高土壤中全氮的含量（声〈0．05）。荩草接种蚯蚓（E）全氮含量是对照（S）的1．5倍,小飞蓬接种蚯蚓（E）全氮含量是对照（S）的1．04倍;接种蚯蚓后,各个处理的氮素矿化速率均为正值,并显著高于（P〈0．05）原土样,蚯蚓活动在不同的植被下对土壤氮的影响不同。     

Using a fermented mixture of soybean meal and earthworm meal to replace fish meal in the diet of white shrimp,Penaeus vannamei (Boone)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential of a Bacillus subtilis E20‐fermented mixture (FSFEM) containing soybean meal (SBM) and Eisenia fetida earthworm meal (EM) at a ratio of 4:1 to increase the methionine level in order to satisfy the methionine requirement of white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei in a diet with fish meal (FM) completely replaced by mixtures. B. subtilis E20 fermentation improved the mixture's palatability and utilization based on better growth performance in comparison to shrimp fed FSEM (contains fermented SBM and EM at a ratio of 4:1) diets. FSFEM is a good substitute for FM. Maximal replacement levels of FM with FSFEM were 80% in a shrimp diet with 37% of crude protein and 7% of crude lipid based on weight gain and 100% based on feeding efficiency. In addition, shrimp fed experimental diets had no significant differences in survival after being challenged by Vibrio alginolyticus. It is suggested that B. subtilis E20‐FSFEM has the potential to replace FM in cultured shrimp diets.     

不同基质对栝楼苗生长的影响

通过室内盆栽实验,研究不同基质对栝楼幼苗生理特性的影响.结果表明,蚯蚓粪处理的栝楼平均株高为34.16cm,平均真叶数为10.42叶,均明显大于接菌种地表、摩西、根内、对照;30%蚯蚓粪含量的培养基质处理栝楼出苗数最多为24,40%,蚯蚓粪培养基质含量的处理栝楼苗平均株高最高为6.16cm.     

设施番茄和黄瓜田土壤中农药残留及其对蚯蚓的急性风险

为评价设施蔬菜田土壤中残留农药对蚯蚓的急性危害风险,在山东省济阳县蔬菜基地,分别选择番茄和黄瓜连作种植区,于产中、产后及后茬产中三个时期采集耕层土壤,应用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法评估土样中噻虫嗪、噻虫胺、多菌灵、吡虫啉、阿维菌素、噻唑膦、甲基异柳磷、克百威和三羟基克百威的残留,并通过风险商值法评价其对蚯蚓的急性风险。结果表明:在39个设施番茄土壤中,噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和吡虫啉的检出率(检出浓度均值)均较高,分别为90%(0.107 mg·kg~(-1)dw)、79%(0.100 mg·kg~(-1)dw)和49%(0.233 mg·kg~(-1)dw);在30个设施黄瓜土壤中,噻虫嗪(63%,1.18 mg·kg~(-1)dw)和吡虫啉(57%,0.126 mg·kg~(-1)dw)的检出率和检出浓度均值均较高。在95%的番茄土样及97%的黄瓜土样中,目标农药对蚯蚓的急性风险商值小于1。在3例土壤中发现风险商值大于1,包括2例吡虫啉和1例噻虫胺,应用风险商值逆推,吡虫啉和噻虫胺对蚯蚓的土壤安全阈值分别为1.07和0.593 mg·kg~(-1)dw。研究表明,所调查区域设施蔬菜土壤中目标农药对蚯蚓的急性风险总体较低,对于高风险农药应监测其土壤残留浓度,确保低于安全阈值。     

Responses of Saline Soil Properties and Cotton Growth to Different Organic Amendments

Application of organic waste to saline alkaline soils is considered to be a good practice for soil remediation. The effects of applying different organic amendments (e.g., cattle dung, vermicompost, biofertilizer) and earthworm inoculations (Eisenia fetida) on saline soils and cotton growth were investigated during 1 year of cotton cultivation. Compared to the control (applied with inorganic NPK fertilizer), applying organic amendments improved soil physicochemical properties. Biofertilizer application improved available nutrient content, reduced short-term soil electrical conductivity, and produced the highest cotton yield, whereas cattle dung and vermicompost applications resulted in higher soil organic matter content. Application of organic amendments significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon during the flowering period, which sharply declined at harvest. This was especially true for the biofertilizer treatment, which also exhibited lower nematode abundance compared with the other organic materials. Earthworm inoculation following cattle dung application failed to significantly change soil physicochemical properties when compared to the treatments without earthworm inoculation. Results suggest that biofertilizer application to saline soil would improve soil nutrient status in the short-term, whereas cattle dung application would improve soil organic matter content and increase soil organism abundance to a greater extent. However, different strategies might be required for long-term saline soil remediation.     

赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响

为研究赤子爱胜蚓对乙草胺污染土壤微生物群落的影响,本实验通过土壤酶测定法、传统平板计数法以及高通量测序法对自然土壤(S)、乙草胺污染土壤(SA)以及蚯蚓处理乙草胺污染土壤(SAE)的微生物群落进行了分析。研究发现,田间推荐使用剂量的乙草胺(5 mg·kg~(-1))使SA中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性下降,但可提高土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性,蚯蚓对受乙草胺抑制的土壤酶活性有提升作用,这种促进作用在实验中期最为明显,培养第14 d时蚯蚓处理组(SAE)过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和蔗糖酶的活性相较于SA处理组分别上升了4%、14%和53%。乙草胺对细菌数量的抑制作用主要发生在实验前期(第3 d),对真菌的抑制作用持续到了整个培养周期结束(30 d)。蚯蚓的加入对细菌和真菌数量的恢复都有一定的促进作用,第3 d和第14 d时SAE中细菌和真菌数量分别增加35%和39%。SAE处理组土壤的pH相较于SA处理组更接近于中性,可溶性有机碳含量更高,这些性质都为土壤微生物提供了适宜的生长环境,从而促进乙草胺污染土壤中微生物数量和活性的恢复。对不同处理土壤的高通量测序结果表明,在门水平上,乙草胺主要使Proteobacteria、Actinobacteria以及Chytridiomycota丰度下降,而使Acidobacteria和Zygomycota丰度上升。蚯蚓能够改善乙草胺污染土壤中的微生物物种组成情况,使其更接近于未污染状态,以上实验结果说明蚯蚓对乙草胺造成的微生物毒害有修复作用。在属水平上,少数微生物比如Sphingomonas、Fusarium、Gaertneriomyces和Pyrenula等能够受到乙草胺刺激而丰度增加,这些微生物可能参与到了乙草胺的微生物降解过程中。     

镉胁迫对赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia fetida)氧化应激反应影响

蚯蚓受重金属胁迫时,体内立即产生氧化应激反应,确定胁迫过程氧化应激主要指标对污染监测尤为重要。将胁迫试验分短期和长期试验两组,前者试验周期为10 d,每天取1条蚯蚓;后者试验周期为30 d,每10 d取1条蚯蚓。每组均设定Cd~(2+)浓度梯度50、100、125、250和500 mg·kg~(-1)重金属胁迫溶液,选择蚯蚓环带后尾部测定体内SOD、POD、GPX、GST、CAT、VE、MDA和ACh E。结果表明,短期试验组,反映蚯蚓体内氧化应激主要指标为CAT、SOD和POD。在长期试验中,反映蚯蚓体内氧化应激主要指标为GPX和MDA。     

Management of Cassava Starch Factory Solid Waste (Thippi) through Composting to a Nutrient-Rich Organic Manure

In India, cassava cultivation is confined in South India. In Tamil Nadu, tubers are used as raw material for starch and sago industry. About 8–10 large-scale starch factories and 150–200 small-scale starch and sago production units are generating nearly 40–60 tonnes of solid waste (thippi) per annum creating serious environmental pollution. A study undertaken to manage it through composting to a nutrient-rich organic manure revealed thippi as acidic with low major and micronutrient concentration, high water-holding capacity, good porosity, low bulk density, high starch, fiber, low protein, and cyanide. Composting of thippi with different combinations of raw materials, microbial cultures, and earthworms indicated that thippi enriched with gliricida and cassava leaves and composted with earthworm had the highest nutrient concentration with narrow carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio. The mean concentrations of N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K) calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in thippi compost were 1.32, 3.82, 0.40, 2.18, 0.96, 1.11, 0.08%, 11.23, and 89.93 mg/kg, respectively, which is 3.5, 49,7, 32.5, 8, 185, 100, 2.5, and 12 times than thippi. Thippi compost had low bulk density, starch, without fiber and cyanide but high protein suggesting this protocol as a possible alternative for the management of thippi.