蚯蚓非光滑体表试样的法向土壤粘附特性

以赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）为研究对象，利用微粘附力测试系统，通过单因素试验探讨蚯蚓非光滑体表的法向粘附力随含水量的变化规律；通过正交多项式设计法寻求正压力与卸载速度对蚯蚓非光滑体表法向粘附力的影响，建立了回归方程。试验结果表明，蚯蚓体表试样的法向粘附力随含水量的增加呈抛物线趋势增加，与钢试样相比，最大减粘率达到44％；正压力对法向粘附力呈二次效应关系，卸载速度对法向粘附力呈一次效应，随正压力和卸载速度的增加粘附力增加。本研究可为生物非光滑表面仿生研究以及揭示仿生耦合机制提供基础数据。     

蚯蚓生物标志在农药污染评价中的应用

农药污染问题越来越多的被人们所重视,单纯依靠化学分析方法来阐释农药污染的危害,已不能真实地判别出农药是否会对环境产生不利影响,因此需要建立有效的生物评价体系来弥补这一缺陷。蚯蚓位于食物链最底层且在土壤生态系统中生物量最大,已被广泛地应用到农药污染状况的评价中,基于分子、细胞水平的蚯蚓生物标志物可以在农药污染的早期阶段就辨别出来。文章在简要回顾了生物标记物发展历史的基础上,从蚯蚓作为土壤生态风险评价的模式生物的特点出发,着重概述了几种蚯蚓生物标志物(乙酰胆碱酶、抗氧化酶系、免疫细胞、基因表达)评价农药污染水平及作用机理的研究进展,并就未来的研究重点和趋势提出见解。     

Effects of Earthworm and Microbe on Soil Nutrients and Heavy Metals

Earthworm and microbe are very important soil organisms. They play an important role in the stability of ecosystem and the bioavailability of nutrients and heavy metals in soils. This article reviewed the function of earthworm and microbes in improving soil structure and controlling soil nutrients as well as their effects on the bioavailability of heavy metals in soil through bioabsorption, enrichment, precipitation, dissolution, and oxidation-reduction. The aim is to provide a certain theoretical basis for modern agricultural production.     

从新旧蚯蚓匀浆液中制备蚯蚓纤溶酶组分的比较研究

为探寻从蚯蚓匀浆液中制备蚯蚓纤溶酶(EFE)的简便途径,利用亲和层析的方法,分别从新鲜制备的与多年存放的蚯蚓匀浆液中制备了新、旧蚯蚓纤溶酶(即新、旧EFE)。利用天然电泳、SDS-PAGE纤维蛋白活性电泳分析组分差异,通过纤维蛋白平板比较两者纤溶酶活性,发现蚯蚓匀浆液在存放过程中,EFE的部分组分发生降解,但EFE的比活却升高了1.4倍。     

Exploring Patterns of Exotic Earthworm Distribution in a Temperate Hardwood Forest in South-Central New York, USA

Exotic earthworms invading forests in Canada and northeastern United States that were naturally devoid of large detritivores cause major changes in ecosystem function. To assess their long-term impacts, studies are needed to elucidate the factors that control the patterns of earthworm invasion at the landscape level. We analyzed the distribution patterns of exotic earthworms in a northern hardwood forest in south-central New York (USA), as explained by landscape variables thought to be important in determining earthworm distribution. Forest type, slope angle, elevation, and the distance to agricultural clearings and wet refugia were significant predictors of earthworm presence, whereas local wetness index and the distance to streams and roads were not. Forest type and distance to agricultural clearings were the two most significant predictors. Our data suggest that areas close to agricultural clearings, dominated by mixed hardwoods, and located towards valley bottoms or on gentle slopes are very likely to support communities of exotic earthworms. Steeper slopes, areas dominated by American beech or eastern hemlock, and locations in the core of extensive forest landscapes have lower probabilities of invasion by exotic earthworms. When applied to a nearby area, our statistical model correctly predicted earthworm presence for 67% of 377 sampling points. Most of the mistakes were incorrect predictions of earthworm absence, suggesting that our statistical model slightly underestimated earthworm presence, possibly because of the pervasive influence of active agricultural fields adjacent to the test site.     

多菌灵对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响

为明确多菌灵质量浓度与蚯蚓体内乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GSTs）和羧酸酯酶（CarE）3种解毒酶活性之间的剂量效应关系,为多菌灵的安全使用及对相关动物的毒害研究提供参考,利用赤峰周边地区蔬菜大棚的蚯蚓,进行多菌灵0．75 g／L、1．00 g／L、1．25 g／L、1．50 g／L、1．75 g／L 和2．00 g／L 6个质量浓度对蚯蚓体内3种解毒酶活性的影响试验。结果表明：与对照组（蒸馏水）相比,多菌灵对蚯蚓体内的乙酰胆碱酯酶整体起抑制作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．75 g／L 时酶活性最低,为105．625μmol／L;对谷胱甘肽 S-转移酶整体起诱导促进作用,在多菌灵浓度为1．00 g／L 时酶活性最高,为17．343μmol／L;对羧酸酯酶活性,在多菌灵浓度小于1．25 g／L 时表现为诱导促进作用,大于1．25 g／L 时表现为抑制作用。     

蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物 木薯渣的适宜条件初探

采用室内模拟培养的方法,利用蚯蚓处理热带农业固体废弃物木薯渣,研究处理过程中蚯蚓生长繁殖 状况及处理前后混合废弃物的理化性质,探讨蚯蚓处理热带农业废弃物的适宜条件。结果表明,热带农业废弃物木 薯渣和砖红壤的不同配比基质中赤子爱胜蚓的生长繁殖良好,各试验组蚯蚓的生长繁殖与基质性质及环境条件之 间存在明显关系,其在30%砖红壤+70%木薯渣的处理中繁殖情况最好,产茧数量最多。蚯蚓在温度25益、含水率 70%、pH 7.9、接种密度10 条/60g 干重基质时具有最好的生长繁殖效率,同时赤子爱胜蚓对此类热带农业废弃物也 具有较好的处理效果,不同配比基质经蚯蚓处理后速效氮和速效磷含量明显增加。     

Mate choice of an endogeic earthworm revealed by microsatellite markers

Endogeic earthworms are difficult study subjects due to the cryptic medium in which they live; thus, only the behaviour of epigeic and anecic earthworms has been studied before. We used microsatellite markers as a tool to elucidate the mate choice processes of Hormogaster elisae, an endogeic earthworm. It was shown to normally mate with two partners, preferably of the same size that are found in close proximity thereby eliminating the need for long-distance dispersion, which could explain the previously observed high genetic differentiation between populations. The genetic analyses of the sperm within each of its four spermathecae showed a uniform distribution with no signs of differential storage of sperm from different partners.     

Increase in the Nitrogen Content of Soil by the Introduction of Earthworms into Soil

The contribution of an earthworm species ( Amynthas vittatus ) to the increase of the nitrogen content of soil was examined. Three specimens of adult earthworms were introduced into 300 g of soil (Gray Lowland soil, silty clay) supplemented with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose in a container and incubated for 32 d at 22°C in the dark. The contents of total-N, NH₄-N and NO₃-N, and the population of aerobic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in soil significantly increased after incubation with the earthworms, while the natural abundance of ¹⁵N (δ¹⁵N) in soil decreased. The amount of nitrogen in the earthworms did not decrease during the incubation in the microcosm. Both acetylene reduction activity of the microcosm and incorporation of ¹⁵N to soil from atmospheric ¹⁵N₂ were significantly enhanced by the introduction of the earthworms into soil, though the observed increment of nitrogen in soil was much higher than the estimated one based on the nitrogen-fixing activity. The results obtained in the present study indicated that the earthworms increased the nitrogen content of soil, presumably due to the enhancement of the nitrogen-fixing activity of the soil from the microcosm by the earthworms.     

镉-菲复合污染对蚯蚓急性毒性效应的研究

采用人工土壤法,研究重金属镉、多环芳烃菲对安德爱胜蚓(Eisenia andrei)的单一与复合急性毒性效应。单一毒性试验结果表明,菲的毒性大于镉毒性;14 d时镉、菲的半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为788.71 mg.kg-1、42.51 mg.kg-1。复合毒性试验结果表明,镉在各浓度下与菲复合,对蚯蚓的毒性都产生拮抗作用,且随镉浓度升高其降低菲毒性的程度降低,说明复合污染物的组成及各污染物的不同浓度组合是决定混合物毒性的重要因素。