Irrigation effects on elephant grass morphology,and its genotype-dependent responses

This study hypothesised that different elephant grass genotypes respond differently in terms of their morphological development to irrigation. The objective of this study was to evaluate how water availability could affect the morphological development of different genotypes of elephant grass. The treatments consisted of four genotypes of elephant grass [Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone], managed under irrigation or not, during a two-year field trial. The experiment was arranged in a randomised block design in a split-plot, with four replicates per treatment (n = 4). Between the genotypes, two of them were classified as tall-sized (IRI 381 and Elephant B), and two as dwarfs (Taiwan A-146 2.37 and Mott). A three-way interaction between season, irrigation, and genotype affected the variables plant height, stem diameter, number of dead tillers, light interception (LI), and leaf area index (LAI) (p < .05). The morphological development of all genotypes was negatively impacted by the dry season. All genotypes grew taller during the rainy season (p < .05) and had a greater light interception (62%–80%) compared to the dry period (28%–59%). The genotype Mott, showed comparable LI and LAI to the tall-sized genotypes, whilst Taiwan A-146 2.37 was characterized by the lowest values, despite being the genotype with the greatest tiller density (60 tillers m⁻²) (p < .05). The use of irrigation mitigated the negative effects of the dry season on the plants, however, the type and size (tall vs. dwarf) of the elephant grass genotypes defined the extent of the responses to the use of the irrigation during the dry period.     

苹果矮化砧木致矮机理研究进展

矮化密植栽培是现代苹果生产发展的方向,苹果矮化砧是实现苹果矮化密植栽培的主要途径,其致矮机理尚不清楚。揭示苹果矮化砧致矮机理,对加快苹果矮砧育种进程和改进苹果矮砧栽培技术有重要的意义。在总结前人对致矮基因、解剖结构、水分、物质运输、光合特性、酶与酚类物质、激素等7个方面研究进展的基础上,对致矮部位及致矮机理进行了探讨,提出苹果砧木致矮是矮化砧嫁接口、砧段的木质部及韧皮部综合作用的结果,嫁接的矮砧砧段是致矮的主要部位,苹果矮砧可能通过影响根系发育起到致矮作用,并指出今后应利用更为先进的显微仪器和测量软件对苹果矮砧和乔砧砧段解剖结构进行更微观精确地比较;在严格控制环境的条件下,尽量采取一致的试材,分析不同矮化性砧木在水分、矿质营养、同化物等物质代谢过程中的生理生化变化;借助分子生物学技术对植物激素物质合成、信号转导、降解及其互作在致矮中所起的作用进行更深入系统地研究,通过多方面研究对提出的问题进行研究验证,以求对苹果矮砧致矮机理解释更加透彻。     

3种大蒜中洋葱黄矮病毒的RT-PCR分子鉴定

洋葱黄矮病毒（Onion yellow dwarf virus,OYDV）是危害大蒜产量和品质的主要病毒之一。快速有效的病毒检测方法可为大蒜病毒病的研究和有效防御提供理论与技术资料。本研究利用反转录-聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）技术对甘肃＂成县迟蒜＂和山东＂鲁蒜王2号＂中OYDV外壳蛋白基因进行特异性扩增,并克隆到载体PMD18-TEasy Vector上进行核苷酸序列测定及分析。成功分离得到OYDV的两个DNA片段——GSCCS和SDLSW2,与GenBank中已报道的AB000837.1、AB000838.1和AJ409311.1等22个OYDV DNA片段的核苷酸相似性分别为81%～98%和81%～84%,氨基酸相似性分别为85%～99%和89%～94%,二者之间核苷酸相似性为84%,氨基酸相似性为89%。系统进化树显示不同DNA片段可聚为3个组群,GSCCS与中国山东金乡OYDV DNA片段同属一组,SDLSW2与其它16个OYDV DNA片段同属一组,表明OYDV在甘肃＂成县迟蒜＂和山东＂鲁蒜王2号＂中均存在,但具有一定差异。本实验确定了OYDV的基因变异程度,为进一步研究病毒进化和变异提供了有利条件。     

南方水稻黑条矮缩病抗病遗传资源与分子机理研究进展

南方水稻黑条矮缩病（Souther rice black-streaked dwarf virus disease, SRBSDVD）是依靠白背飞虱（Sogatella furcifera）为传播介体，由南方水稻黑条矮缩病毒（Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus，SRBSDV）侵染引起的一种水稻病毒病。该病害于 2001 年在我国华南地区首次被发现，随后发生面积不断扩大，危害逐年加重，已成为近年来危害中国南方稻区水稻生产的重要病害之一。白背飞虱迁飞性强、种群数量大、传毒持久等特点，导致化学农药防虫治病效果并不理想，至今还未有可持续和绿色控制 SRBSDVD 的手段。根据病原病毒的爆发性及其传播介体白背飞虱的生物学特性，预计该病害在未来较长的一段时期内将是我国最严重的水稻病害之一，很有可能再次暴发流行。因此，当前生产上急需培育出能够抵御 SRBSDVD 的抗性水稻品种。本文综述了 SRBSDVD 的发病规律、抗病种质资源的收集与评估、抗病基因或数量性状位点（QTL）的精确定位，以及这些抗性基因的分子作用机制，进一步探讨了利用现代分子生物学技术，包括分子标记辅助选择、基因沉默（RNAi）和基因编辑等技术加快 SRBSDVD 抗病品种的选育，可为今后有效控制 SRBSDVD 提供基础。     

矮小鸡在高原地区生长速度研究

通过对矮小鸡配套系在高原地区的孵化和饲养试验,测定不同周龄的生长发育,并与在高原适应性较强的藏鸡进行比较.研究结果表明,矮小鸡配套系在高原地区的适应性比较强.     

矮秆大豆突变体叶片和豆荚生理特性的初步分析

经NaN3诱变获得大豆矮秆突变体HK808,对其豆荚和叶片生理特性及其与原品种"东农42"的比较研究表明:HK808叶片的叶绿素含量比野生型低,但叶绿素a/b比值变化不大;豆荚的叶绿素含量较其对应叶片的含量低,且野生型的含量略高于突变体。开花结荚后突变体叶片蛋白质含量、SOD活性逐渐升高,脯氨酸含量下降,且蛋白质和脯氨酸含量都低于东农42;突变体的SOD活性高于东农42;野生型的MDA含量在鼓粒期以后增高,即结荚后期突变体叶片防御自由基伤害能力强。豆荚的蛋白质、脯氨酸含量都与叶片的变化规律基本相同,即前者不断增加,后者不断下降,且豆荚蛋白质和脯氨酸含量都低于叶片;HK808豆荚的蛋白质含量比其野生型高。豆荚的MDA含量比叶片低,且东农42豆荚的MDA含量略高于HK808,豆荚的SOD活性呈下降趋势,但比东农42叶片的活性高,表明豆荚的抗氧化能力比东农42的叶片强。     

矮砧密植苹果光合特性及产量对水分的响应

【目的】 研究灌水量对新疆南疆矮砧密苹果光合特性、产量及水分利用效率的影响。【方法】 以5 a生皇家嘎啦(Royal Gala)为试验树种,常规灌溉果园为对照处理(CK),灌水定额为5.14 mm,共设置5个灌水定额,即W₁(13.5 mm)、W₂(18 mm)、W₃(22.5 mm)、W₄(27 mm)及W₅(31.5 mm),分析苹果光合特性、产量及水分利用效率对水分的响应机制。【结果】 不同灌水量下的苹果净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率日变化均呈单峰曲线,并在10:00达到峰值,而胞间CO₂浓度变化规律则相反,呈倒“V”型,在10:00时处于最小值。光合指标日均值随着灌水量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,且净光合速率、气孔导度及蒸腾速率均以W₄处理最高,W₃处理次之;与CK相比,W₃处理和W₄处理,叶片瞬时水分利用效率分别提高了5.06%和3.37%;苹果产量则随着灌水量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势,W₄处理产量最高,但与W₃处理差异不显著,分别较CK增加了17.01%和14.94%,且灌溉水利用效率较CK分别提高7.23%和26.33%。【结论】 新疆南疆矮砧密植5 a生皇家嘎啦苹果灌溉定额为472.5 mm,灌水次数21次时,苹果产量较高,较常规灌溉果园节约灌水9.06%的灌溉。     

96份玉米杂交种抗矮花叶病鉴定与评价

为明确96份玉米杂交种对甘蔗花叶病毒（SCMV）引起的玉米矮花叶病的抗性差异,于2011-2015年间通过苗期人工摩擦接毒和成株期自然感病相结合的方法进行田间抗性鉴定。结果表明,未发现高抗材料（HR）;''兴达糯1号''五谷2010''2011''正德306''豫丰96-68''818''临早杂1号''正德305''甘农963''和''金穗51216''等10份材料表现抗病（R）,占供试材料的10.4%;''CN8706''甘农821''东单339''NF09''玉源209''等22份材料表现中抗（MR）,占供试材料的22.9%;''宁玉524''潞玉36''陇单026''9909''龙生1号''等22份材料表现感病（S）,占供试材料的22.9%;''龙单1号''平玉8号''金518''登海605''超甜603''等42份材料表现高感（HS）,占供试材料的43.8%。     

不同产地咖啡豆中挥发性成分的HS-SPME-GC/MS法分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析了不同产地咖啡豆中的挥发性化学成分,以峰面积归一化法计算各组分的相对含量,并通过化学计量法处理.初步鉴定出97种化合物,不同产地咖啡豆挥发性成分有一定差异,采用主成分分析及聚类分析法能有效区分巴西、哥伦比亚、印度尼西亚3个产地的咖啡豆.该方法适用于咖啡豆挥发性成分的快速分析,可为咖啡豆的质量评价提供参考.     

Cloning and Expression of Gene Responsible for High-Tillering Dwarf Phenotype in Indica Rice Mutant gsor23

High-tillering dwarf mutant gsor23 was generated from an indica rice variety Indica9 radiatied by γ-ray. Genetic analysis showed that this phenotype was controlled by one single recessive gene, which was mapped within a physical distance of 386 kb between two insertion-deletion (InDel) markers C1-WT2 and C1-WT4 on the long arm of chromosome 1. There is a known gene D10 within this region, the mutation of which causes high-tillering in rice. Sequence analysis of the D10 allele in gsor23 revealed that the base cytosine (C) at the 404^th position in the coding region was deleted, which would cause frameshift mutation after the 134^th amino acids. The mutation site and indica background of gsor23 were different from the previously reported japonica mutants d10-1 and d10-2. Therefore, gsor23 is a novel allelic mutant of D10 which encodes the carotenoid-cleaving dioxygenase 8 (CCD8), a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the new plant hormone strigolactones (SLs). After treatment with GR24, a synthetic analogue of SLs, the high-tillering phenotype of gsor23 was restored to normal. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that D10 expression was high in roots, but low in leaves. Compared with the wild type Indica9, the expression of the SL biosynthesis gene D10 was upregulated, while genes likely involved in the SL signal transduction pathway such as D3 and D14 were down-regulated in the gsor23 mutant.