存在滑移时两平行刚性圆盘间二阶流体的挤压流动

两刚性圆盘间流体的挤压流动是一个基本的动力学模型,涉及到不少工程应用。二阶流体在剪切变形时会产生法向应力差,当存在滑移时,其压力分布及挤压力将会发生变化。该文以润滑理论为基础,采用小参数法研究了存在滑移时两刚性圆盘间二阶流体的挤压流动,导出了流体的速度和压力分布并进而求出挤压力的表达式。结果表明滑移导致压力分布和挤压力近似线性变化     

膨胀性岩质边坡加固方案的数值试验研究

膨胀性岩质边坡,由于其复杂性,加固方案不易确定。运用有限元方法对膨胀性岩体边坡的加固措施进行了较全面的数值试验研究,得出了坡顶超载与竖向位移、节理间距与坡顶变形及锚杆对坡顶变形影响的规律。该成果可为膨胀性岩质边坡加固方案的确定提供科学依据。     

Effect of subcritical hydrophobicity in a sandy soil on water infiltration and mobile water content

Recent research shows that most soils are more or less water repellent. Already subcritical water repellency may cause incomplete soil wetting and preferential flow. Both processes potentially reduce the residence time of water and solutes in the vadose zone, resulting in an enhanced risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of the present paper is, therefore, to evaluate the impact of reduced soil wettability on the soil water infiltration rate and to investigate the tendency towards preferential flow with the analysis of the immobile water content in the infiltration zone. In november 2002, a field experiment was done in a coniferous forest, 30 km N of Hannover, Germany. Soil hydrophobicity was quantified by measuring the contact angles. The hydraulic conductivity of the podsolic sandy soil was measured depth‐dependent with a double‐ring tension infiltrometer in three soil horizons. To quantify possible preferential‐flow effects, a LiBr‐Tracer was added to the infiltrating water to evaluate the mobile water‐content fraction after infiltration. Additionally, infiltration rates of water were compared with infiltration rates of ethanol which were determined after water infiltration at the same locations. Results show that the actual water repellency of field‐moist soil was mainly subcritical (contact angle <90°). Water infiltration rates were reduced due to subcritical repellency by a factor of 3–170 compared with ethanol infiltration rates (exclusion of wetting effects). This spatially variable infiltration behavior was not clearly reflected neither by the small‐scale contact‐angle measurements nor by the analysis of the average immobile soil water content in the infiltration zone. We conclude that this specific infiltration behavior of water caused by small‐scale wettability effects may temporarily reduce the local connectivity of water‐flow pathways.     

Rapid, Micro-Methods to Estimate Plant Silicon Content by Dilute Hydrofluoric Acid Extraction and Spectrometric Molybdenum Method

By treating 0.5 g DW of a plant sample directly with 10 ml of a dilute hydrofluoric acid solution (HF solution, 1.5 M HF—0.6 M HCl), all the silica in plant (as much as 150 mg SiO₂) was dissolved within 1 h. After dilution of the extract with 40 mL of distilled water, the silica in the extract was measured by the spectrometric molybdenum yellow method. The molybdenum yellow method, in which silica in 0.1 mL of the diluted extract can be determined in 8 min, is well suited to rapid, micro-estimations of the silica content in plants. In the micro-modification, the size of the plant sample was reduced to 100 mg DW. The analytical procedure was simple, and the analytical time was less than 2 h. The method can save much labor and time, compared with the gravimetric analysis. The dissolution with HF solution and the molybdenum yellow method were also applied to the measurement of the content of silica separated by acid digestion of rice plants. Excellent agreement in the silica measurement of rice plants was confirmed among the direct extraction method, the gravimetric method and the digestion-separation-dissolution method. In the molybdenum yellow method, the addition of boric acid enabled to mask the interference of hydrofluoric acid, and the least amount of citric acid required for the elimination of phosphorus interference was proposed. In conclusion in this report, recommended methods for the rapid estimation of the silica content in rice plants were presented.     

苹果切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模拟及试验

为揭示果蔬干燥收缩变形的传热传质与应力应变的机理，确定果蔬微孔结构特性及内部毛细力等因素对其干燥过程的影响，该研究运用孔道网络方法、热质传递原理和细观力学理论等交叉学科知识，构建了孔隙尺度下果蔬切片干燥收缩变形的孔道网络模型，采用VC++开发孔道网络求解程序，模拟分析了果蔬切片的湿分场、温度场以及应力应变场等情况，并以苹果切片作为果蔬典型代表进行了热风干燥试验及模型验证。结果表明：湿含量、温度和收缩变形率的模拟值与试验值的相对误差小于10%，模型可有效模拟果蔬干燥热质传递与应力应变的收缩变形真实过程，再现了干燥过程中的"非规则收缩变形"现象；孔道网络模拟的湿分场、温度场及应力应变场均呈现为不规则非对称变化规律，产生了明显的干斑、湿斑、非规则干燥前沿等；毛细应力和湿应力对果蔬干燥收缩变形影响较大，其中毛细应力是引起非规则收缩变形的主导因素；孔隙结构参数对果蔬干燥过程影响显著；孔隙率越大，干燥时间越长，毛细应力越小；配位数越大，毛细应力越大，干燥时间越长；孔隙直径分布呈现均一直径分布规律的物料产生的毛细应力大，其次为孔隙直径分布呈现正态分布规律的物料和试验物料分布。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了一定的理论基础。     

不同干燥方法对栗粉的理化性质与功能特性的影响

以毛板红板栗品种为原料，研究了4种不同干燥方法加工所得栗粉的理化与功能特性，结果表明自然干燥与热风干燥加工成的栗粉在理化和功能特性上差异较小，但自然干燥粉比热风干燥粉具有更好的起泡能力和泡沫稳定性；微波干燥粉比热风干燥有较多的淀粉发生糊化，表现在具有较低的峰粘度、崩解值和回复值，其吸水能力较热风干燥粉大，但起泡能力、泡沫稳定性和复水成泥后的一些质地特征值较热风干燥粉低。高温蒸后热风干燥粉的理化与功能特性与微波干燥粉类似，但有较高的崩解值和较低的回复值。从色泽来看，自然干燥和热风干燥粉比微波干燥和高温蒸后热风干燥的要白，而且有光泽。     

针型电容法测量谷物含水率的研究

采用针型电容传感器和测量电路,并采取减小介质损耗的有效措施,研制了测量谷物含水率的针型电容法。实验结果表明,在谷物含水率与输出电压间具有良好的线性关系。该方法具有较高灵敏度、稳定性和良好的动态特性,完全可以满足谷物含水率的测量要求,为谷物含水率的准确、快速和在线测量提供了一种有效的方法。     

淤地坝坝体体积的计算

对于已确定的淤地坝坝址,坝体的纵断面（即沟道横断面）是一定的。根据实测的沟造横断面,以沟底最低点为坐标原点,沟道一侧的岸壁曲线可用幂函数形式表示之。利用这种幂函数关系,对于坝坡均一的坝体．在设定坝顶宽、坝高和上下游边坡之后,作者推导出沟道一侧坝体体积的计算公式;沟道两侧的坝体体积即为坝体总体积。对于非均一坝坡、设有马道的坝和坝体加高的体积,可将坝体横断面分割为由几个均一坝坡组成的坝体断面,分别计算其体积。这种计算方法的精度,取决于坝址横断面岸壁曲线回归方程与实际岸壁的符合程度。     

种植模式对苜蓿固氮和固氮产物转移的影响

田间小区试验研究了不同种植模式下苜蓿的共生固氮贡献,并利用~(15)N同位素示踪技术评估了苜蓿的％Ndfa和Ndfa,以及与之混作生长的牛尾草植株中来自苜蓿固氮产物的转移量。研究表明,豆科与禾本科牧草混作对发挥草地的优势有一定影响,混作条播在干草产量、全氮产量、％Ndfa和Ndfa等方面均优于间作与混作撒播模式,且高于单作苜蓿与牛尾草的平均值。用~(15)N同位素稀释法与~(15)N天然丰度法评估苜蓿的％Ndfa与Ndfa值时,无明显差异(P<0.05),前者还能准确测出混种牛尾革植株中的固氮产物转移量,后者则大大低估,甚至不能测出固氮产物转移。     

茄子渗透脱水及渗后干燥的研究

本文对茄子进行了不同厚度下的高浓度糖盐溶液(60％重量比浓度)中浸泡试验,得出其失重率随时间变化的失重曲线;过30h改成热风干燥,得出其干燥曲线;并与未渗直接干燥的物料相比较,在相同安全贮藏水分活度α_w=0。7下,节省干燥时间约一半;讨论了厚度对渗透脱水及渗后干燥的影响,渗液浓度对渗透脱水的影响以及水分活度对安全贮藏的影响。