小麦籽粒淀粉积累动态的条件和非条件QTL定位

 【目的】阐明影响小麦籽粒淀粉基因/QTL的时空表达和动态变化情况,为运用条件QTL更好地揭示小麦籽粒淀粉动态积累的基因表达提供参考。【方法】本研究以小麦品种花培3号和豫麦57构建的168个双单倍体（doubled haploid, DH）群体为材料,在6个不同的环境下种植,分别在花后12 d、17 d、22 d、27 d和32 d取样,对小麦籽粒淀粉含量（GSC）积累的条件和非条件QTL进行分析。【结果】在籽粒灌浆的5个时期,一共检测到7个非条件QTL和4个条件QTL,没有一个条件QTL能在测定的5个时期都有效应。7个非条件QTL分别分布在2A、3A、3B、4A、5D染色体上,其中QGsc4A在整个灌浆过程都能表达,5个时期的表型变异贡献率分别为13.57%、16.57%、21.96%、22.53%、22.90%。4个条件QTL中,QGsc4A在花后12 d、17 d、32 d均能检测到,总贡献率为21.80%,对籽粒淀粉积累的净增长量起主要作用。其它非条件QTL和条件QTL只在一个或几个阶段出现且效应值较小,花后27 d没有检测到条件QTL。【结论】控制GSC积累的数量性状基因以一定的时空方式表达,小麦籽粒淀粉积累的QTL动态分析,可以了解小麦籽粒淀粉积累的遗传规律及其对小麦籽粒发育的影响,为小麦产量和品质形成的分子基础的深入研究提供参考。     

油菜小孢子培养技术及其在遗传育种中的应用研究概况

小孢子培养作为一种辅助育种手段越来越受到育种家的重视,并应用于各个领域。由于影响小孢子成胚和成苗的因素较多,低诱导频率及成苗率严重限制了该技术在育种中的应用。为了全面了解小孢子胚状体发生能力及影响再生体系的各项因素,掌握该技术的研究动态和发展方向,本文总结了近年来国内外影响小孢子培养的主要因素：供体植株基因型、供体植株生长条件及生理状态、小孢子发育时期、培养基组成、培养条件,以及在双单倍体育种、诱变育种、转基因育种等领域中的应用。     

辐射花粉授粉技术诱导黄瓜单倍体

辐射花粉授粉是获得单倍体的有效途径。本研究旨在探讨该途径中影响单倍体再生率的关键因素。本试验利用60Coγ对不同黄瓜材料进行不同剂量的辐射处理,系统研究了辐射剂量、花粉供体基因型、母本基因型对诱导黄瓜单倍体植株再生率的影响。结果表明:3个花粉供体基因型(5211、CC3、南抗一号)花粉经150 Gy辐射处理后,花粉供体基因型5211诱导的植株再生率、单倍体再生率均高于花粉供体基因型CC3和南抗一号。花粉供体在辐射剂量150 Gy辐射处理下较250 Gy及350 Gy更有利于诱导植株再生,再生率最高可达3.92%,单倍体再生率为1.96%。10个母本基因型中6个母本基因型没有诱导出再生植株,占母本基因型总量的60%;4个母本基因型诱导出再生植株,占母本基因型总量的40%,单倍体诱导率为0.26~0.54。     

玉米单倍体诱导系诱导双生苗的观察

以不同玉米杂交种与单倍体诱导系为材料,对从杂交种中诱导双生苗的情况进行了观察。结果表明,在农大108、高油5598、郑单958与CAUHOI-1的杂交当代籽粒中,双生苗的平均频率为0.15%,显著低于单倍体的平均诱导频率3.38%,而在自交籽粒中没有发现双生苗。利用45个双列杂交组合为母本分别与两个诱导率不同的诱导系(CAUHOI01和CAU79)进一步杂交,在杂交籽粒中发现26对双生苗,其中有23对来自于CAUHOI-1的杂交后代。本研究结果表明双生苗诱导与单倍体诱导一样,不仅与诱导系有关,在一定程度上也受母本基因型影响,而二者诱导能力表现趋势不一致。对双生苗类型的观察结果表明,双生苗主要为二倍体-二倍体类型,少数为单倍体-单倍体类型,没有发现单倍体-二倍体类型。SSR分析表明每个双生苗两个体间基因型一致,但部分双生单苗田间生长存在着差异。双生苗的发生与单倍体诱导机理的关系有待于进一步研究。     

Selection forMeloidogyne incognita virulence against resistance genes from tomato and pepper and specificity of the virulence/resistance determinants

Experiments were designed to analyze the relationships between the root-knot nematodeMeloidogyne incognita and resistant tomato and pepper genotypes. From a natural avirulent isolate, near-isogenic nematode lineages were selected with virulence either against the tomatoMi resistance gene or the pepperMe3 resistance gene. Despite the drastic selection pressure used, nematodes appeared unable to overcome the pepperMe1 gene, therefore suggesting some differences in the resistance conferred byMe1 andMe3 in this species. Nematodes virulent onMi-resistant tomatoes were not able to reproduce onMe1-resistant nor onMe3-resistant peppers, and nematodes virulent onMe3-resistant peppers were not able to reproduce onMi-resistant tomatoes nor onMe1-resistant peppers. These results clearly demonstrate the specificity ofM. incognita virulence against resistance genes from both tomato and pepper, and indirectly suggest that gene-for-gene relationships could occur between these two solanaceous crops and the nematode.     

大白菜游离小孢子培养胚胎发生中的加倍机制

 利用Leica体视显微镜, DAPI荧光染色观察比较大白菜小孢子正常发育为成熟花粉粒与游离小孢子培养胚胎发生细胞核的分裂方式, 探讨大白菜游离小孢子培养胚胎发生及其自然加倍的机理。观察结果显示以B途径为主要发育途径的大白菜小孢子, 胚胎发生的启动机制是热激诱导下单倍体小孢子体积膨大, 染色体发生自然加倍, 从而激发小孢子进入孢子体发育途径; 大白菜小孢子胚再生植株具有较高的自然加倍率, 这与小孢子培养热激诱导激发小孢子单核自然加倍为二倍体密切相关。     

水稻单倍体育种工作的简易化、系列化、规模化问题探讨

在多年水稻单倍体育种工作的基础上,改进、完善了水稻单倍体育种技术。以节省为原则简化培养方法;以快速为原则建立单倍体育种新体系;以丰富遗传背景为原则,扩大绿苗群体及花粉植株再利用。建立一个水稻单倍体育种新程序,使这一技术在水稻育种工作中得到更广泛的应用。     

Stock6在玉米自交系选育中的应用

单倍体诱导系的应用与发展在遗传和育种中均有重大意义,该方法不仅缩短了育种进程,提高育种效率,还可应用于遗传学等领域。在诱导系诱导单倍体过程中,选育高频诱导系是利用诱导系诱导产生单倍体的先决条件。通过综述Stock6、W23ig、WS14、ZMS、KMS、MHI、RWS、CAU和JAAS3等单倍体诱导系的选育历史,总结了Stock6在玉米单倍体诱导和选育中的应用。     

西葫芦双单倍体自交一代离体再生研究

以西葫芦DH12-11409双单倍体植株自交后代种子为试材,研究不同激素组合、外植体类型和苗龄对诱导西葫芦不定芽再生以及不定芽生根的影响。结果表明,取5d龄西葫芦双单倍体黄绿色子叶的子叶节为外植体,在MS+30g/L Suc+8g/L Agar+2.0mg/L 6-BA+0.1mg/L NAA培养基上诱导不定芽效果最好,诱导率高达90.0%,分化系数为8.5;生根培养基则以MS培养基中添加0.05或0.1mg/L NAA为宜;5~6片真叶再生植株经驯化移栽成活率高达90.0%,为再生植株驯化移栽的最佳时期。     

Mottled coloration of haploid-diploid and diploid-triploid mosaic amago salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawae

ABSTRACT:   Mottled amago salmon Oncorhynchus masou ishikawe with both yellow- and dark-pigmented skin occurred together with typical albino individuals in a commercial farm. Out of 12 mottled fish examined by DNA content flow-cytometry and erythrocytic nucleus size, three were diploid, eight were haploid-diploid mosaic and one was diploid-triploid mosaic. This fact indicates that the mottled coloration might link to polyploid mosaicism. Genotype of diploid and non-diploid cells at the albino locus was estimated in nine mature mottled fish by observing the frequency of wild-type and albino progeny when mating to homozygous albino ( aa ). One diploid and three haploid-diploid mosaic mottled fish were presumed to have mosaic genotype with both hemizygous ' a ' and heterozygous ' Aa ' cells ( a/Aa ), because the segregation ratio between two phenotypes was 1 : 1. Three other haploid-diploid mosaic fish were presumed to have mosaic genotype with both hemizygous ' a ' and homozygous ' AA ' cells ( a/AA ), because of exclusive occurrence of wild-type phenotype in the progeny. The diploid-triploid mosaic mottled fish was presumed to have mosaic genotypes ' aa / AAA ', ' aa/AAa ' or ' aa / Aaa ', because this fish yielded only albino progeny. One diploid mottled fish produced both two phenotypes but albino embryos appeared with much more frequency than the expectation, when assuming the genotype ' Aa '. Thus, this fish was considered to have mosaic genotype ' Aa/aa '.