基于最小平方误差的单倍体和二倍体分类方法研究

基于玉米油分的花粉直感效应,采用核磁共振鉴别单倍体,快速、准确、低成本地确定单倍体与二倍体之间的含油率阈值,是实现大批量自动鉴别的前提和关键。提出一种基于最小平方误差的单倍体和二倍体分类方法,通过少量籽粒确定含油率阈值的研究,对单倍体和二倍体进行识别。以10个玉米组合为研究对象,利用核磁共振分析仪测定各组合一定数量单倍体和二倍体籽粒的含油率,依据最小平方误差方法确定各组合油分阈值,并通过逐级递增训练集样本数量的方法,确定油分阈值所需训练集规模,获得含油率阈值,能够满足单倍体正确识别率及对二倍体正确拒识率的均值达到90%以上的要求,为核磁共振全自动单倍体鉴别系统的后期大规模分类提供参数指导,提高分选效率。同时因单倍体生产效率低,运用最小平方误差的方法,通过少量的单倍体及二倍体籽粒来构建油分鉴别单倍体模型,以较小的投入获得更优的分类效果在玉米单倍体自动化分选中具有非常重要的现实意义,将该分类方法应用到全自动核磁分选单倍体系统中,可以达到较好的效果,为加快单倍体工程化育种提供保障。     

籼粳交加倍单倍体后代性状遗传的研究

对一个典型的籼/粳组合、窄叶青8号/京系17的F1花药进行培养,所获二倍体花粉植株除约20%自然结实率为0外,其余植株的结实率在1%至正常结实之间,65%株系在75%以上,并稳定地传至自交后代。对130多个加倍单倍体(DH)多种性状的遗传进行了研究与分析,结果表明,花药培养可以克服籼/粳后代包括育性在内的各种性状长期分离不易     

Potential,constraints and applications of in vitro methods in improving grain legumes

Grain legumes, the important constituents of sustainability‐based cropping systems and energy‐limited vegetarian diets have long been the subject of scientific research. Tremendous technological strides were made in the so‐called orphan crops, in terms of both varietal improvement and generation of basic information. Despite recalcitrancy and high genotype dependency, in vitro culture techniques such as organogenesis, in vitro mutagenesis, embryo rescue and in vitro gene transfer have been deployed for improvement of several grain legumes and these played an important role in introgression of desirable genes from related and distant species and creation of additional genetic variability. Stable and reproducible regeneration protocols resulted in the development of genetically modified chickpea, pigeon pea, cowpea, mungbean, etc., while embryo rescue was deployed successfully for recovery of interspecific recombinants, a few of them exploited for the development of commercial cultivars. Nevertheless, doubled haploidy witnessed limited success and protoplast regeneration and in vitro mutagenesis remained of academic interest. The present review focuses on the progress, achievements, constraints and perspectives of using in vitro technology in grain legume improvement.     

黄瓜染色体加倍研究

进行了黄瓜单(双单)倍体染色体加倍试验。结果表明,单倍体加倍频率较低,为4.1%,有待于进一步研究;双单倍体诱导纯合四倍体得到了较理想的结果,加倍频率达16.9%。     

甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养研究进展

近年来,单倍体育种逐步得到发展,游离小孢子培养是产生单倍体的较好途径,本文综述广为种植的甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢培养概况。材料的选取,小孢子的分离、培养以及提高产胚率等培养技术,并结合实际工作,分析了甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子培养的优势、潜力和当前存在的问题。     

A data transfer method for improving seed identification of maize (Zea mays) haploid breeding based on genetic similarity

Maize haploid breeding technology is able to identify haploid seeds non‐destructively, rapidly and at low cost with the help of Near‐infrared (NIR) spectral analysis. However, due to the hybridization of numerous parents and the low production rate of haploid, the haploid data collection becomes a burden for engineering this technology. Biologically, there are considerable similarities between the progeny of the same female parent and different male parents. Based on this advantage, similar spectral data can be transferred when the NIR technology is employed. A revised method of Transfer adaptive boost (TrAdaBoost) is proposed to improve identifying for the backpropagation neural network (BPNN) classifier. To avoid the negative transfer, a screening thresh is used to select out similar data, and the amount of these data are limited to join current training. The results show that the identification performances are improved significantly when the data amount is small. This method shows a high ability to make the seed identification more convenient for engineering maize haploid breeding.     

玉米花粉诱导不同基因型小麦单倍体得胚率的比较及幼胚离体培养方法对成苗率的影响

选用六倍体普通小麦JYP97系列、常规材料小披白粒,9312(Z)、贵农、恒丰1号和四倍体硬粒小麦、雄性不育系HB系列(12号、11号、13号、26号)等不同倍性或不同基因型的小麦与玉米加-1、超-1、加-6、综-1、701,703等杂交,采用1/2MS培养基,剥取胚龄为14 d、大小为0.4~1.0 mm的小麦杂种幼胚,接种于培养基上,放置24~25℃黑暗条件下2~3周,置于温度为(26±1)℃、光照为1800~2 000 lx的条件下进行幼胚离体培养。结果表明:玉米花粉诱导六倍体普通小麦得胚率为5.4%,明显高于四倍体,玉米花粉诱导雄性不育系的得胚率为3.2%,高于常规材料。混合玉米花粉诱导小麦单倍体得胚率4.6%,高于单一玉米花粉。采用未加任何激素的1/2MS培养基,选取14 d胚龄0.4~1.0 mm的幼胚离体培养,成苗率为81%,显著高于前人所采用的其它培养基进行幼胚离体培养的成苗率。     

2,4-D首次处理时期对小麦×玉米诱导小麦单倍体效率的影响

研究2,4-D首次处理时期对小麦×玉米诱导小麦单倍体效率的影响,将2个小麦基因型与1个玉米基因型进行远缘杂交,远缘杂交后,在2,4-D首次处理的时期上采用了4种不同的处理。结果表明,T1处理(授粉后1 h首次进行2,4-D穗下节注射子房滴注)的诱导效率明显优于其它处理,其单倍体植株获得率和获得效率分别为37.50%和3.33%。     

基于双单倍体牙鲆挖掘与生长性状连锁的微卫星标记

利用中国水产科学研究院北戴河中心实验站2007年制备的双单倍体牙鲆为材料,根据生长性状表型值分成快速生长组(Fast growth group,FGG)和慢速生长组(Slow growth group,SGG),进行微卫星标记与生长性状的连锁分析.从牙鲆遗传连锁图谱选择40个高多态性的微卫星标记,覆盖了24个连锁群中的...     

玉米单倍体育种研究技术的探讨

玉米单倍体育种技术能显著加快育种进程,它是生物技术与常规育种方法结合产生的一条新的育种途径.文章就玉米单倍体育种技术研究进展及在玉米育种中的应用进行了综述,包括玉米单倍体育种技术中获得单倍体的方法,鉴别方法及二倍体加倍方法等关键步骤,并就国内玉米单倍体育种现状进行了分析、探讨和展望.