The theoretical proportion of the donor genome in near-isogenic lines of self-fertilizers bred by backcrossing

Summary The length was estimated of the chromosome segment with the desired marker gene introgressed from a donor by backcrossing into a recurrent parent. It was found that, for instance, for a chromosome with a length of 100 cM the length of the segment is 32 cM in BC6.These estimates were compared with those made by Hanson (1959). Two corrections proved to be necessary.The implications for breeders and researchers are discussed. Differences between two near-isogenic lines often ascribed to the difference in genotype at the marker locus, may also be caused by genes linked to the marker gene and dragged into the backcross product.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

供体细胞来源及预处理对牛体细胞核移植效率的影响

以牛外耳皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体细胞,比较了不同同步化诱导方式(血清饥饿法与接触抑制法)、供体细胞冷冻与否、供体动物性别与年龄等因素对体细胞核移植效率的影响。结果表明,接触抑制法处理的供体细胞核移植胚囊胚率显著高于饥饿法(P<0.05);未冷冻的供体细胞核移植胚囊胚率显著高于冷冻供体细胞(P<0.05);成年母牛供体的囊胚率显著高于成年公牛(P<0.05);不同年龄供体细胞的核移植胚囊胚率差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,以接触抑制法诱导未冷冻成年母牛外耳皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体,有利于核移植胚囊胚的发育。     

供体年龄对德国肉用美利奴羊超数排卵及胚胎移植效果的影响

提高绵羊体内胚胎生产的效率对促进优良品种扩繁及良种推广具有重要意义。为充分利用不同年龄段良种德国肉用美利奴羊,试验选用青年(18月龄,配种未受胎)、老龄(60~72月龄,经产)以及幼龄母羊(7月龄,性成熟前)做供体,用改进的程序进行超数排卵,研究供体年龄与超数排卵和胚胎移植效果的关系。结果表明:①青年、老龄组母羊超排后只均可用胚数分别为10.9枚、10.3枚,显著高于幼龄母羊的6.0枚。青年、老龄组母羊的胚胎经移植后受胎率分别为71.6%、58.3%,显著高于幼龄组的41.7%。②幼龄、青年组回收的胚胎中囊胚所占比例显著高于老龄组,说明幼龄、青年组供体的胚胎发育速度显著快于老龄供体。③青年、老龄组母羊超排前预注小剂量FSH,卵巢黄体数目明显增多,说明能提高超排效果。本试验优化了德国美利奴羊的超排程序,证明年龄显著影响德国美利奴羊的超排效果及胚胎质量,为进一步提高绵羊胚胎移植效率提供了参考依据。     

Dudley模型及其在遗传育种的应用

Dudley 模型是根据数量遗传学原理用来鉴定种质资源中是否含有优良单交组合中不存在的显性有利基因的一套原理和方法。对于优良单交种 I_1×I_2来讲,当供体亲本为群体 Py 或纯系 Iw 时,参数 lplμ=1/4[(I_1×Py)+(I_2×Py)-(I_1×I_2)-I_1]或参数 uG=1/4[(I_1×Iw)十(I_2×Iw)-(I_1×I_2)-I_1]的大小可作为选择 Py 或 Iw 改良单交组合亲本之一的依据,比较μC+μF和μD+μE的大小可进一步确定要改良的亲本是 I_1还是 I_2。该模型还可进一步确定出当用供体亲本来改良优良单交种的一个亲本时是否需要回交。该模型用于分析试验资料比较符合系谱资料和育种实践,且与其它遗传模型相吻合。     

Donor Plant Growth Conditions and Regeneration of Fertile Plants from Somatic Embryos Induced on Immature Zygotic Embryos of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Immature zygotic embryos of the sunflower inbred line ‘Ha 300’, cultivated on a modified MS medium containing 6-benzyladenine and a high amount of sucrose, regenerated fertile plants via direct somatic embryogenesis. Plant regeneration from immature sunflower embryos is generally characterized by a relatively high experimental variability resulting from the interactions of multiple factors. We present here a study of some of the factors acting on the donor plants and their influence on the capacity to regenerate plants. Repeated experiments during a 2-year period with greenhouse-grown as well as field-grown plants led to the following conclusions: (i) The use of pesticides, unavoidable in the greenhouse, is compatible with routine regeneration of fertile plants, (ii) The plant growth retardants tested were useful for the production of healthy plants in the greenhouse and had no effect on the regeneration capacity.     

Effect of donor animals and their diet on in vitro nutrient degradation and microbial protein synthesis using grass and corn silages

Two nonlactating cows and two wether sheep, all fitted with a permanent cannula into the rumen, were fed either hay plus concentrate, grass silage or corn silage to study the effect of the donor animal and its diet on in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Rumen inoculum was obtained before the morning feeding. Grass silage or corn silage was incubated in a semi‐continuous rumen simulation system for 14 days. Four replicated vessels were used per treatment. Degradation of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as microbial protein synthesis and the production of volatile fatty acids were studied. Additionally, total gas and methane production was measured with a standard in vitro gas test. Gas production and methane concentration was higher when the inoculum used was from sheep than that from cows. The donor animal also affected the degradation of organic matter and ether extract as well as the amount of propionate and butyrate, and the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio. The effect of the diet fed to the donor animal on fermentation was much greater than the effect of the donor animal itself. Feeding hay plus concentrate resulted in higher gas production and degradation of acid detergent fibre, but in lower degradation of ether extract and reduced microbial protein synthesis. Additionally, the pattern of volatile fatty acids changed significantly when the diet of the donor animals was hay plus concentrate or one of the silages. These results show that in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis is different when based on inoculum from either cattle or sheep. The diet fed to the donor animal is more important than the animal species and is probably mediated by an adjusted microbial activity. With regard to standardized feed evaluations, these results further support the need to harmonize in vitro approaches used in different laboratories.     

一氧化氮供体型药物抗肿瘤作用的研究进展

肿瘤已经成为当今社会的重大健康问题,作为抗肿瘤药物的一氧化氮（NO）供体型药物在这方面引人注目。一些NO供体药物已被证明具有良好的抗癌活性,显示出其应用潜力和价值。通过控制NO在适当的部位释放并杀死肿瘤细胞,实现药物的靶向性,是NO供体类药物治疗癌症的一个新领域和重要的发展方向。本文将综述NO供体型药物在抗肿瘤领域的研究进展,以及简要介绍新型NO供体纳米材料。     

Genetic architecture of plant height in maize phenotype‐selected introgression families

This study aimed at developing, characterizing and evaluating two maize phenotypic‐selected introgression libraries for a collection of dominant plant height (PHT)‐increasing alleles by introgressing donor chromosome segments (DCS) from Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) accessions into elite inbred lines: PHB47 and PHZ51. Different backcross generations (BC₁‐BC₄) were developed and the tallest 23 phenotype‐selected introgression families (PIFs) from each introgression library (PHB47 or PHZ51) were selected for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping to localize DCS underlying PHT. The result shows that most PIFs carrying DCS were significantly (α = 0.01) taller than the respective recurrent parent. In addition, they contained larger donor genome proportions than expected in the absence of selection or random mating across all BC generations. The DCS were distributed over the whole genome, indicating a complex genetic nature underlying PHT. We conclude that our PIFs are enriched for favourable PHT‐increasing alleles. These two libraries offer opportunities for future PHT gene isolation and allele characterization and for breeding purposes, such as novel cultivars for biofuel production.     

影响杂交松扦插成活率因素的研究

近年来,以湿地松或火炬松为母本,以加勒比松为父本选育的杂交松新品种深受群众喜爱,在中国南方地区推广面积不断扩大。由于杂交松种子产量低、生产成本高,因而种苗数量不足的问题日益突出。嫩枝扦插繁殖成为当前解决这一问题的重要途径。笔者以近年来开展的杂交松扦插试验为基础,系统研究影响杂交松扦插生根的因素。结果表明：插穗的母株年龄显著影响扦插成活率,1~3年生嫩枝扦插成活率在77%以上,5年生穗条扦插成活率只有45%;插穗母株的基因型也影响扦插成活率,其中父本效应显著（P=0.016）影响扦插成活率,同一杂种类型的不同杂交组合扦插成活率差异明显;不同介质（扦插基质）和不同浓度的生根粉（GGR）对扦插成活率影响也很显著（P<0.01）,珍珠岩、河沙与黄心土等单一介质扦插成活率显著优于几种介质混合后的扦插成活率,低浓度生根粉扦插成活率高于高浓度。