作物涝害研究进展

涝害是世界上大多数国家面临的重大自然灾害之一,涝害引起作物一系列的伤害甚至死亡,严重限制了作物的分布及产量。文章从形态建成和生理生化方面介绍了作物在涝害胁迫下的各项指标变化及作物涝害机理等;指出应进一步对作物的生理生化特性进行研究,通过基因技术从分子水平探究作物耐水分胁迫的内在机理,并确定可靠、直观的涝害鉴定生理指标,才能从根本上解决植物体水分胁迫问题。     

桂林市水稻主栽品种对南方水稻黑条矮缩病的抗性评价

采取田间自然诱发的方式,对桂林34个水稻主栽品种进行南方水稻黑条矮缩病抗性评价,结果表明:表现为抗病的有淦鑫203、顺优109、株两优4024、T78优2155、岳优9113、中浙优8号、中浙优1号、Y两优302、桂两优2号等14个品种;表现为感病的有陆两优28、EK优18、淦鑫206、五优308、淦鑫699、丰源优299、Q优6号、丰两优4号等20个品种;未发现免疫品种。建议农户选用上述抗性较好的品种,慎用高感品种。同时,在现阶段,"治虱防矮"仍然是防治水稻南方黑条矮缩病的最主要措施。     

Genotypic differences in wheat Al tolerance

Summary Aluminium tolerance of 83 genotypes from Croatian and Yugoslav Triticum aestivum germplasm was evaluated in nutrient solutions having Al³⁺ activities of 0, 12.5 and 25 M. Relative root length (25 M Al³⁺/0 Al) of various genotypes ranged from 2 to 97% (from very sensitive to tolerant to Al). No genotype with Al tolerance close to that of very tolerant cultivar Atlas-66 was found. Soil, climatic, fertilization, and liming effects that wheat plants giving seeds for the nutrient solution Al-tolerance screening had been subjected to during their growth cycle did not influence the Al-tolerance ranking. Significant correlation was found between screening wheat for Al tolerance in nutrient solutions and in acid Pseudogley soil amended with five rates of limestone in a greenhouse experiment. Seed protein concentration was significantly related to the Al-tolerance ranking (r² = 0.962). Such a significant correlation was not obtained in a case of rheological and other quality characteristics of seeds. Al-tolerant wheat genotypes identified in this study will be used in breeding for improved Al tolerance.Abbreviations HSD Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference - RRL-2 relative root length, in % (12.5 M Al³⁺/0 Al) - RRL-4 relative root length, in % (25 M Al³/0 Al)     

黄瓜种子及幼苗期耐冷性鉴定

对6个生态类型的22个黄瓜品种（系）的种子在15 ℃低温下相对发芽力、2.5 ℃低温处理后胚根伸长速率和三叶一心期的相对电解质渗透率共4项指标分别进行了测定,并采用隶属函数法对22个品种（系）的耐冷性进行了综合评价。结果表明,8个华北型黄瓜品种（系）中有2个强耐冷性品系和1个耐冷品种,4个华南型黄瓜均属于不耐冷或冷敏感类型,美国露地型黄瓜、欧洲温室型和露地型黄瓜共9个品种（系）包括了耐冷、中等耐冷和不耐冷等不同类型|日本型黄瓜日节成表现为冷敏感类型。     

8种生物源和矿物源农药防治加工番茄细菌性斑点病试验

[目的]研究8种生物源和矿物源农药对加工番茄细菌性斑点病的防治效果,筛选出更加适合番茄制品出口食品安全要求的高效农药.[方法]采用田间小区试验,比较8种生物源和矿物源农药对加工番茄细菌性斑点病防效差异.[结果]第3次施药后7 d各药剂的防效分别为:77;氢氧化铜干悬浮剂73.11;、37.5;氢氧化铜悬浮剂67.43;、波尔多液64.78;、2.0;氨基寡糖素水剂51.14;、4;春雷霉素可湿性粉剂50.38;、3;多抗霉素可湿性粉剂45.46;、0.5;小檗碱水剂43.45;,植物激活蛋白防效最低仅为29.17;.[结论]77;氢氧化铜干悬浮剂、37.5;氢氧化铜悬浮剂和波尔多液3种矿物源农药防效较高,且更适合加工番茄产品出口的食品安全要求.     

玉米杂交种耐旱性状的因子分析

在干旱地区大田条件下,通过2a调查4个大面积推广玉米杂交种在4个不同干旱处理下与耐旱性有关的14个生长发育性状,选择差异显著的性状进行农艺性状和产量性状的因子分析。结果表明,影响玉米杂交种耐旱性和耐旱稳定性的主要性状是株高、结实长度、成穗率和出籽率,可利用其预测玉米杂交种的耐旱性。     

高温胁迫下冷季型草坪草的耐热性评价

对5个典型冷季型草坪草品种在海南进行耐热性试验.在大田高温胁迫环境下,草坪草热害症状最初表现为叶片发生萎蔫,生长率减缓或停滞,但其是否受害却最先反映在叶片灼伤率上,受害最终表现为草坪盖度和根系生长量的下降.叶片灼伤率是判断草坪草早期是否受到热伤害最敏感的指标.耐热性评价结果:Pacer高羊茅Festuc atundincea cv.Pacer＞Houndog高羊茅F.arundinacea cv.Houndog＞Merit草地早熟禾Poa pratensis cv.Merit＞Derby黑麦草Lolium pernne cv.Derby＞Cobra匍匐翦股颖Agrostis palustris cv.Cobra.28～36 ℃可认为是冷季型草坪草的临界受害温度区间,28～32 ℃为初始受害温度区间,32～36 ℃为致死温度区间.     

11株瘤胃源芽孢杆菌生理学特性研究

试验对已筛选的11株瘤胃源芽孢杆菌的产酶活力、耐酸、耐胆盐和抑菌活性及菌株间相容性进行研究。采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸法（DNS法）测定纤维素酶的活力,涂布平板计数法测定菌株的耐酸性、耐胆盐等特性,牛津杯法测定抑菌活性,滤纸片法进行室内相容性试验。结果显示,菌株T-2、T-3和T-10产纤维素酶的酶活力较高;菌株T-2、T-5、T-7、T-8和T-9表现较强的耐酸能力;菌株T-4、T-5、T-9和T-11表现较强的耐胆盐能力。菌株T-4和T-7对副溶血弧菌的抑菌活性较强,T-7对产气杆菌的抑菌活性最强,T-5、T-9、T-10对大肠杆菌抑菌活性较强,而T-3对藤黄八叠球菌指示菌的抑菌性最强。室内相容性试验结果表明,11株芽孢杆菌部分菌株之间存在颉颃作用,由此筛选出优良菌株的复配组合,抑菌可能的最优复配组合为T-3、T-4、T-5;T-3、T-4、T-10;T-4、T-5、T-10;T-3、T-7、T-10。纤维素酶活力较强时可能的最优复配组合为T-2、T-3、T-5;T-2、T-3、T-10;T-2、T-5、T-10;T-3、T-5、T-6;T-3、T-5、T-10。本试验可为动物饲料的研究和开发提供一定的参考依据。     

Bicavitary eosinophilic effusion in a dog with coccidioidomycosis

This is a case of coccidioidomycosis in a dog, examined for vomiting and labored breathing. Physical examination and thoracic and abdominal imaging revealed pleural and peritoneal effusions, both of which exhibited neutrophilic inflammation with a substantial eosinophilic component. The dog had positive IgM and IgG coccidioidomycosis titers at initial evaluation. The eosinophilic component of the inflammation was attributed to coccidioidomycosis. The dog underwent approximately 6 months of fluconazole treatment, with both effusions and clinical signs improving after 6 weeks. Three months after cessation of antifungal treatment, the dog developed a mid-diaphyseal lytic and proliferative lesion in the left radius caused by Coccidioides spp. This case illustrates the importance of consideration of coccidioidomycosis when an eosinophilic cavitary effusion is present in dogs that live in or have traveled to endemic regions.     

Field survey,isolation, identification and pathogenicity of Phytophthora species associated with a Mediterranean‐type tree species

Corymbia calophylla (marri), a keystone tree species in the global biodiversity hot spot of southwestern Australia, is suffering decline and mortality associated with a canker disease caused by the endemic fungus Quambalaria coyrecup. Phytophthora species are frequently isolated from the rhizosphere of C. calophylla, and a hypothesis is that Phytophthora root infection is predisposing C. calophylla to this endemic canker pathogen. Field surveys were conducted in both anthropogenically disturbed and undisturbed C. calophylla stands, from where a total of 100 rhizosphere soil samples, from both healthy and cankered trees, were collected. Phytophthora species were isolated from 26% of the samples collected, with Phytophthora incidence significantly higher on disturbed stands than in natural forests (73% and 27%, respectively). Five Phytophthora species were recovered, including P. cinnamomi, P. elongata, P. multivora, P. pseudocryptogea and P. versiformis. Under‐bark inoculations with the Phytophthora isolates caused significant lesion lengths in excised C. calophylla stems. Corymbia calophylla response to pot infestation trials in the glasshouse varied between Phytophthora species and isolates, with isolates of P. cinnamomi and P. multivora causing a significant reduction in seedling root volume and often leading to seedling death. This study demonstrates that root disease caused by Phytophthora species, especially P. cinnamomi and P. multivora, has the ability to adversely affect C. calophylla health. This study leads the way to do a dual inoculation trial with the canker pathogen Q. coyrecup, and different Phytophthora species to investigate if Phytophthora root infection predisposes C. calophylla to this canker disease.