Seasonal distribution of phytoplasmas in Australian grapevines

The distribution and persistence of phytoplasmas were determined in Australian grapevines. Phytoplasmas could be detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from shoots, cordons, trunks and roots throughout the year, and phytoplasmas appear to persistently infect Australian grapevines from year to year. Phytoplasmas were not always detected in samples from the same sampling area from one sampling period to the next. Phytoplasma detection by PCR was improved by sampling from shoots, cordons and trunks, especially during October (early spring). The diseases expressed by the 20 grapevines used in the distribution and persistence studies were monitored. Australian grapevine yellows disease (AGY) was expressed by 17/20 grapevines at some time during the study, whilst only 4/20 and 15/20 grapevines expressed restricted growth disease (RG) and late season leaf curl disease (LSLC), respectively. All grapevines with RG and LSLC also had AGY. The three diseases were persistently expressed in some grapevines and remission of disease was observed in others. The results of PCR detection in the same grapevines indicated that phytoplasmas were more frequently detected in AGY-affected grapevines that also expressed RG and LSLC compared with grapevines expressing AGY alone. Phytoplasmas were detected in symptomless plant material but less frequently compared with AGY-affected material.     

Population differentiation in the banana leaf spot pathogen Mycosphaerella musicola, examined at a global scale

Single-copy restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of the global population of Mycosphaerella musicola , the cause of Sigatoka (yellow Sigatoka) disease of banana. The isolates of M. musicola examined were grouped into four geographic populations representing Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia. Moderate levels of genetic diversity were observed for most of the populations ( H  = 0·22–0·44). The greatest genetic diversity was found in the Indonesian population ( H =  0·44). Genotypic diversity was close to 50% in all populations. Population differentiation tests showed that the geographic populations of Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, Australia and Indonesia were genetically different populations. Using F _ST tests, very high levels of genetic differentiation were detected between all the population pairs ( F _ST > 0·40), with the exception of the Africa and Latin America-Caribbean population pair. These two populations differed by only 3% ( F _ST = 0·03), and were significantly different ( P  < 0·05) from all other population pairs. The high level of genetic diversity detected in Indonesia in comparison to the other populations provides some support for the theory that M. musicola originated in South-east Asia and that M. musicola populations in other regions were founded by isolates from the South-east Asian region. The results also suggest the migration of M. musicola between Africa and the Latin America-Caribbean region.     

Significance of ABC transporters in fungicide sensitivity and resistance

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are members of a protein superfamily which can be responsible for efflux of drugs from cells of target organisms. In this way, the transporters may provide a mechanism of protection against cytotoxic drugs. In laboratory-generated mutants of fungi, overproduction of ABC transporters can cause multi-drug resistance to azoles and other non-related toxicants. The impact of this mechanism of resistance in field populations with decreased sensitivity to azoles remains to be established. Inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may synergize activity of azoles to populations of both sensitive and azole-resistant pathogens. The natural function of ABC transporters in plant pathogenic fungi may relate to transport of plant-defence compounds or fungal pathogenicity factors. Therefore, inhibitors of ABC transporter activity may act as disease control agents with an indirect mode of action. ©1997 SCI     

Spatial genetic structure and dispersal of the cacao pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa in the Brazilian Amazon

Moniliophthora perniciosa is the causal agent of witches’ broom in Theobroma cacao (cacao). Three biotypes of M. perniciosa are recognized, differing in host specificity, with two causing symptoms on cacao or Solanaceae species (C‐ and S‐biotypes), and the third found growing endophytically on lianas (L‐biotype). The objectives of this study were to clarify the genetic relationship between the three biotypes, and to identify those regions in the Brazilian Amazon with the greatest genetic diversity for the C‐biotype. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on the rRNA ITS regions showed that the C‐ and S‐biotypes formed a well‐supported clade separated from the L‐biotype. Analysis of 131 isolates genotyped at 11 microsatellite loci found that S‐ and especially L‐biotypes showed a higher genetic diversity. A significant spatial genetic structure was detected for the C‐biotype populations in Amazonia for up to 137 km, suggesting ‘isolation by distance’ mode of dispersal. However, in regions containing extensive cacao plantings, C‐biotype populations were essentially ‘clonal’, as evidenced by high frequency of repeated multilocus genotypes. Among the Amazonian C‐biotype populations, Acre and West Amazon displayed the largest genotypic diversity and might be part of the centre of diversity of the fungus. The pathogen dispersal may have followed the direction of river flow downstream from Acre, Rondônia and West Amazon eastward to the rest of the Amazon valley, where cacao is not endemic. The Bahia population exhibited the lowest genotypic diversity, but high allele richness, suggesting multiple invasions, with origin assigned to Rondônia and West Amazon, possibly through isolates from the Lower Amazon population.     

根瘤菌的RAPD分子标记技术检测和耐盐碱筛选

采用17株分离于苜蓿和草木樨的根瘤菌为研究对象,进行了RAPD分子标记技术检测和耐盐碱筛选实验。结果显示:供试根瘤菌菌体基因组RAPD电泳图谱分为6组不同的条带,说明17株菌中有6个不同菌系。不同菌系的根瘤菌耐盐碱筛选试验表明,来自临泽的根瘤菌耐盐碱能力均比来自天水的强,其中两株能在pH14的YMA培养基上生长,一株可耐1.539 mol/L的NaCl,两株能耐1.971 mol/L的Na2SO4,尤其菌GL007对高pH和两种盐都有较强的忍耐性,是实验筛选出的珍贵耐盐碱菌种资源。     

烟草内生细菌Itb57的鉴定及其对烟草黑胫病的防治效果

Itb57是一株分离自健康烟草植株的内生细菌,室内测定表明,该菌株对烟草黑胫病菌Phytophthora nicotianae具有很强的拮抗作用.为了进一步明确其分类地位和生物防治潜力,结合形态、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列(GenBank登录号GQ153538)比对分析,鉴定Itb57菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis;浸种和灌根接种测定结果显示,Itb57可定殖在烟草植株体内,且在不同部位的含菌量不同,以根部最高(3.72×104cfu/g FW),茎部次之,叶片中最少;Itb57发酵液对烟草黑胫病的温室防治效果为69.28%;2007和2008年的田间小区防治效果分别为61.25%和72.49%,与对照化学药剂58%甲霜·锰锌可湿性粉刺的防治效果无显著差异(P>0.05).     

噁醚唑种衣剂对小麦幼苗生长及抗病性相关酶活性的影响

本文研究了口恶醚唑 ( Difenoconazole)种衣剂、敌萎丹悬浮种衣剂 ( Dividend150 FS)分别处理小麦种子后对小麦幼苗生长、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛 ( MDA)以及与植物抗病性相关的超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)、过氧化物酶 ( POD)、过氧化氢酶 ( CAT)和多酚氧化酶 ( PPO)酶活性的影响。结果表明 2种药剂处理均能使小麦幼苗叶绿素含量、株高、根长和百株鲜重显著增加 ,幼苗体内 MDA积累减少 ,SOD、POD、CAT和 PPO活性显著提高 ,但对可溶性蛋白的含量无明显影响。说明口恶醚唑种衣剂包衣处理小麦种子具有促进小麦幼苗生长发育、延缓小麦衰老和诱导小麦产生抗病性的作用 ,为防病增产奠定良好基础     

农业装备升降装置非接触式光纤位移传感器设计与试验

为了解决农业设备位移的宽量程、高灵敏度非接触测量问题,提出一种基于Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉结构的非接触式光纤位移传感器。分析了光纤Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉原理,设计了将磁场与Peanut-shape结构形成的全纤式迈克尔逊干涉相结合的传感器结构,并通过磁场仿真,得到磁场强度曲线。建立了传感器应变标定系统和位移测试系统。试验结果表明:Peanut-shape迈克尔逊干涉的光纤传感器应变灵敏度达到1. 82 pm/με,是普通光纤的1. 5倍,线性度为0. 997;位移测试得到的光谱曲线与磁场仿真曲线结果一致,可以实现位移的测量,且线性拟合度达到0. 999。     

基于多时相GF-1 WFV和高分纹理的制种玉米田识别

为给监管部门提供更准确的数据,及时发现非法玉米制种区域,根据不同地物在多时相光谱、高空间纹理等特征上的差异,基于163个地面样本、多源时序优选植被指数集和高空间分辨率遥感影像纹理分析的方法,进行制种玉米田识别。通过相关性分析,从GF-1 WFV 多光谱影像计算的8个植被指数(VI)中确定6种,多维度反映不同作物光谱差异,并利用随机森林（RF）分类方法实现玉米田块的识别;利用玉米抽雄期的1期0.7m Kompsat-3全色影像,构建灰度共生矩阵（GLCM）纹理特征体系,并进行局部二值模式（Uniform-LBP）旋转不变处理,解决了影像中作物种植纹理的方向性问题,同时为体现制种玉米父母本间隔种植的特点,提出了Subtract纹理特征,进一步识别制种玉米田。以新疆维吾尔自治区奇台县为研究区,对本文提出的方法进行实例验证,试验结果表明,制种玉米田识别的制图精度、用户精度分别为93.34%、99.19%。     

砂田抑制蒸发功能随覆砂年限的演变规律

【目的】研究压砂覆盖(砂田)保温及抑制蒸发功能随砂田退化程度的演变规律。【方法】基于多年Landsat卫星数据,使用辐射传输方程法反演香山地区砂田地表温度(LST),结合田间地表温度监测,对比砂田与裸地的地表温度变化,分析了砂田抑制土壤蒸发的机理,并探讨了砂田的功效与砂田使用年限的关系。【结果】砂田在LST-NDVI梯形空间中贴近于暖边,其土壤水分比耕地少,接近于干土层。因此,砂田可以隔离辐射与土壤表层,从而减小潜热通量,抑制土壤蒸发。砂田昼夜温差明显比裸地大,且对于西瓜等作物,砂田的有效地表积温也比裸地提高了10%。【结论】砂田退化过程可分为纯砾石阶段、砂土混合阶段和砂土连通阶段,从砂田的保温及抑制蒸发功能来看,砂田的有效使用年限为25～30 a。