陕西省渭北渍涝灾害问题及对策

渭河下游发生洪涝灾害后,渭北渍涝灾害的危害性引起各级领导和群众的关注。从渭北渍涝灾害治理的现状和存在问题的实际出发,结合当地排水工程的现状,讨论了今后如何更好地预防治理渍涝灾害,提出了有关对策措施及建议。     

吉林天佛指山国家级保护区栎窄吉丁虫害造成的柞树立木蓄积损失估算

2006年,栎窄吉丁虫害在吉林天佛指山国家级自然保护区突发成灾,造成柞树林木大量枯死.专项调查结果显示,虫害总分布面积1 530 hm2,其中:低虫口面积728 hm2 ,轻度发生面积469 hm2 ,中度发生面积227 hm2 ,重度发生面积106 hm2.根据栎窄吉丁虫害发生危害程度分级标准和柞树立木蓄积查定结果,...     

基于GIS的洪灾损失评估方法

洪灾损失评估是防洪减灾领域的一项基础性工作。笔者在国内外洪灾损失评估信息系统研究的基础上,对现有的洪灾损失评估方法进行了探讨,论述了GIS技术在洪灾损失评估中的应用、特点及作用等,并提出了洪灾损失评估有待解决的问题及未来发展趋势,为科学、有效的采取防洪减灾措施提供一定的参考依据。     

Can Landform Stratification Improve Our Understanding of Crop Yield Variability?

Farmers account for yield and soil variability to optimize their production under mainly economic considerations using the technology of precision farming. Therefore, understanding of the spatial variation of crop yield and crop yield development within arable fields is important for spatially variable management. Our aim was to classify landform units based on a digital elevation model, and to identify their impact on biomass development. Yield components were measured by harvesting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) in 1999, and winter rye (Secale cereale, L.) in 2000 and 2001, respectively, at 192 sampling points in a field in Saxony, Germany. The field was stratified into four landform units, i.e., shoulder, backslope, footslope and level. At each landform unit, a characteristic yield development could be observed. Spring barley grain yields were highest at the level positions with 6.7 t ha⁻¹ and approximately 0.15 t ha⁻¹ below that at shoulder and footslope positions in 1999. In 2000, winter rye harvest exhibited a reduction at backslope positions of around 0.2 t ha⁻¹ as compared to the highest yield obtained again at level positions with 11.1 t ha⁻¹. The distribution of winter rye grain yield across the different landforms was completely different in 2001 from that observed in 2000. Winter rye showed the highest yields at shoulder positions with 11.1 t ha⁻¹, followed by the level position with 0.5 t ha⁻¹ less grain yield. Different developments throughout the years were assumed to be due to soil water and meteorological conditions, as well as management history. Generally, crop yield differences of up to 0.7 t ha⁻¹ were found between landform elements with appropriate consideration of the respective seasonal weather conditions. Landform analysis proved to be helpful in explaining variation in grain yield within the field between different years.     

运用混沌理论制作长期灾害预报模型初探

为了提供准确的农业灾害预报，本研究运用混沌理论，以北京历年重大旱灾预报为例，构建了长期灾害混沌预报模型。该模型采用便于描绘混沌事件的三阶差分方程与多因子状态方程联立，模拟出北京市1955－2001年的历次旱灾事件发生过程。按照该模型规定的法则做重大旱灾预测比用单纯统计预测的准确率有显著提高。灾害混沌预报模型可作为长期灾害预测的新途径。     

新型充氮式快开缓关泄压阀

分析了目前输油管道应用的弹簧式安全阀和橡胶套式泄压阀其优缺点,重点介绍了一种新型的充氮式快开缓关泄压阀,这种泄压阀反应灵敏、泄流量大,弥补了前两种泄压阀的不足,既可保障管道的安全运行,又可降低运行维护费用。     

重庆市雷电灾害易损性风险综合评估与区划

利用重庆市2006-2008年ADTD雷电监测资料和1999-2008年雷电灾害统计数据,选取雷击密度M、雷电灾害频数P、经济损失模数D和生命易损模数L作为雷电灾害易损性风险评估指标,计算出各区县雷灾易损性分析指标值,然后采用5级分区法对各指标进行分级并确定其分级标准,获得各区县的易损性等级值.在此基础上对各区县易损性等级值进行累加,并取平均值为该区县易损性综合评估指标值,再采用5级分区法对重庆市雷电灾害综合易损性进行区划,同时结合风险区划结果对环境背景进行了分析,得到不同风险区的主要影响因素.     

水库防洪调度研究

从研究洪水灾害入手,通过对辽宁省1995、2005年防御过程中的水库防洪调度实例,总结归纳了水库防洪调度过程中应遵循的规则及注意的问题.     

公元1400年以来陇中地区干旱灾害特征

通过对历史文献资料的整理与统计分析,对甘肃陇中公元1400-1999年干旱灾害的等级序列特征、年代际变化、季节变化、空间变化及气候背景进行研究.结果表明:陇中公元1400-1999年共发生旱灾280次,平均每2.14年发生1次.干旱灾害以中度旱灾为主,占旱灾总次数的45.4%,其次是大旱灾,占旱灾总次数的32.1%,特...     

新县小流域综合治理开发结硕果

新县小流域综合治理开发结硕果韦彦学（河南省水利厅水土保持处，郑州４５０００３）河南新县连续１０年大搞水土保持小流域综合治理开发，取得了显著的生态、经济和社会效益。１０年间，全县农民人均纯收入、人均存款均增长了９倍，９０％的贫困户摆脱了贫穷开始走向富裕...