Performance of nitrification inhibitors with different nitrogen fertilizers and soil textures

Nitrification inhibitors (NIs), DCD (dicyandiamide), and DMPP (3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate), in combination with urea (UR) and ammonium sulfate nitrate (ASN) fertilizers were studied under contrasting soil textures (sand, loam, and clay) from cultivated soils collected in Brazil and Germany. Soil samples were incubated over 50 days and the content of ammonium ( ), nitrate ( ), and soil pH were measured periodically. Applied NIs delayed the nitrification process across all soil textures. Correlation analysis indicated that combining ASN with NIs resulted in higher content and efficiency in delaying the nitrification process with high N‐conversion rate (r = –0.82). The combination of ASN+ DMPP increased the efficiency of the N‐conversion rate (r = –0.86) due to H⁺ release in soil, while UR+DCD (r = –0.50) had an efficiency of the N‐conversion rate similar to UR (r = –0.42). All the NIs had a better performance in reducing formation in sandy soils as compared to the loam and clay textured soils. Use of DMPP with an N fertilizer results in a soil pH decrease and can be an option to increase the efficiency of the N‐conversion rate, reducing N losses in soil. Overall, our results suggest that NIs have a better performance in reducing formation in sandy soils as compared to that of the loam and clay textured soils. Use of DMPP with ASN results in a soil pH decrease and can be an option to reduce N losses in soil.     

氮肥减施及双氰胺施用对滇池北岸蔬菜地土壤氮素流失影响

在滇池北岸韭黄生产基地采用田间试验的方法,研究了氮肥减施及双氰胺(DCD)施用对土壤氮素流失的影响。结果表明:减施20%的氮肥,韭黄产量无明显减少,但可以分别减少淋溶、侧渗、径流水氮损失37.0%,22.2%和28.9%左右,减少韭黄硝酸盐含量13.6%左右。减施20%氮肥后配施双氰胺,可以增加韭黄产量8.7%左右,分别减少淋溶、侧渗、径流水氮损失58.4%,59.7%和17.1%左右,减少韭黄硝酸盐含量24.8%。因此,该技术对减少滇池北岸韭黄地氮素流失和降低韭黄硝酸盐含量具有重要实践意义和推广价值。     

氮肥与双氰胺配施对温室番茄生产及活性氮排放的影响

【目的】研究田间条件下氮肥与硝化抑制剂双氰胺（dicyandiamide,DCD）配施对温室番茄产量、品质及活性氮损失的影响,明确DCD在棚室蔬菜生产体系中的作用及其硝化抑制效果,为氮肥减施增效提供依据。【方法】试验在河北省永清县番茄主产区北岔口村进行,供试作物为番茄。试验设5个处理,分别为不施氮对照（N0）、传统施氮（Con）、传统施氮+双氰胺（Con+DCD）、减量施氮（Opt）和减量施氮+双氰胺（Opt+DCD）,定期对温室番茄追肥期间土壤无机氮、N₂O排放量和NH₃挥发损失量等指标进行测定。利用流动分析仪测定土壤无机氮含量,气相色谱仪测定N₂O排放量,硼酸吸收-标准稀酸滴定法测定NH₃挥发量。应用SAS软件对不同处理的产量、品质和各个指标进行方差分析。【结果】氮肥与DCD配施可以提高番茄产量,Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理分别提高了20.2%和2.4%,其中Con+DCD产量显著高于Con;同时,Con+DCD和Opt+DCD的氮肥农学效率（NAE）和氮肥偏生产力（PFP）均显著高于Con和Opt,其中Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理的NAE分别提高了176.7%和22.3%;此外,配施DCD显著降低了棚室番茄果实的硝酸盐含量,Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理分别降低了28.6%和19.3%,其他品质指标处理间差异不显著。氮肥与DCD配施显著降低了NO3--N在0-100 cm土层的累积,Con+DCD和Opt+DCD的NO3--N累积量分别为607.1和441.8 kg·hm^-2,较Con（708.4 kg·hm^-2）和Opt（524.2 kg·hm^-2）降低了14.3%和15.7%。各处理N₂O排放通量和NH₃挥发速率的峰值分别出现在施肥后第3天和第2天,总体来看,DCD能有效降低N₂O排放和NH₃挥发损失,Con+DCD较Con、Opt+DCD较Opt处理的N₂O累积排放量和NH₃挥发累积量分别降低了51.2%、75.4%和17.2%、21.9%。【结论】在本试验条件下,氮肥与DCD配施提高了温室番茄的产量、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力,减少了土壤NO3--N在0-100 cm土层的累积,降低了N₂O排放量和NH₃挥发损失量,且以减氮50%并配施DCD（Opt+DCD）的效果最好。因此,在温室番茄生产中,适当减氮并配施DCD是一种科学有效的施肥管理方式。     

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2O emissions from wheat ifelds in North China

Nitrogen (N) is one of the macronutrients required for plant growth, and reasonable application of N fertilizers can increase crop yields and improve their quality. However, excessive application of N ...     

Comparison of the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide, in reducing nitrous oxide emissions in four different soils under different climatic and management conditions

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas and, in New Zealand, about one‐third of the total greenhouse gas emissions from the agricultural sector are of N₂O, mostly derived from animal excreta in grazed pasture soils. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD), in reducing N₂O emissions from animal urine patches in four different soils located in different regions of New Zealand with different soil, climatic and management conditions. The four soils are Templeton fine sandy loam and Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury in the South Island, Horotiu silt loam in the Waikato region and Taupo pumice sand near Lake Taupo, both in the North Island. Results showed that the application of a fine‐particle suspension nitrification inhibitor, DCD, to grazed pasture soils was very effective in reducing N₂O emissions in all four different soils. Total N₂O emissions (over 69–137 days) from animal urine patches ranged from 1 to 20.9 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 without DCD. These were reduced to 0.31–5.7 kg N₂O‐N ha^?1 by the use of DCD, representing 61–73% reductions (with an average of 70% reduction). The N₂O‐N emission factor from animal urine N, EF₃, was reduced from an average of 0.9 to 0.3% by the use of DCD. These results demonstrate the potential of using nitrification inhibitors to mitigate N₂O emissions in a wide range of grazed pasture soils under different climatic and management conditions.     

Effects of application of lime nitrogen and dicyandiamide on nitrous oxide emissions from green tea fields

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the mitigating effects of lime nitrogen (calcium cyanamide) and dicyandiamide (DCD) application on nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from fields of green tea [Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze]. The study was conducted in experimental tea fields in which the fertilizer application rate was 544 kg nitrogen (N) ha^?1 yr^?1 for 2 years. The mean cumulative N₂O flux from the soil between the canopies of tea plants for 2 years was 7.1 ± 0.9 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 in control plots. The cumulative N₂O flux in the plots supplemented with lime nitrogen was 3.5 ± 0.1 kgN ha^?1, approximately 51% lower than that in control plots. This reduction was due to the inhibition of nitrification by DCD, which was produced from the lime nitrogen. In addition, the increase in soil pH by lime in the lime nitrogen may also be another reason for the decreased N₂O emissions from soil in LN plots. Meanwhile, the cumulative N₂O flux in DCD plots was not significantly different from that in control plots. The seasonal variability in N₂O emissions in DCD plots differed from that in control plots and application of DCD sometimes increased N₂O emissions from tea field soil. The nitrification inhibition effect of lime nitrogen and DCD helped to delay nitrification of ammonium-nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), leading to high NH₄⁺-N concentrations and a high ratio of NH₄⁺-N /nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃^–-N) in the soil. The inhibitors delayed the formation of NO₃^–-N in soil. N uptake by tea plants was almost the same among all three treatments.     

Influence of Two Nitrification Inhibitors (DCD and DMPP) on Annual Ryegrass Yield and Soil Mineral N Dynamics after Incorporation with Cattle Slurry

Nitrogen (N) losses through nitrate leaching, occurring after slurry spreading, can be reduced by the use of nitrification inhibitors (NIs) such as dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3,4‐dimethyl pyrazole phosphate (DMPP). In the present work, the effects of DCD and DMPP, applied at two rates with cattle slurry, on soil mineral N profiles, annual ryegrass yield, and N uptake were compared under similar pedoclimatic conditions. Both NIs delayed the nitrate formation in soil; however, DMPP ensured that the soil mineral N was predominantly in the ammonium form rather than in the nitrate form for about 100 days, whereas with DCD such effect was observed only during the first 40 days after sowing. Furthermore, the use of NIs led to an increase of the dry‐matter (DM) yields in a range of 32–54% and of the forage N removal in a range of 34–68% relative to the slurry‐only (SO) treatment (without NIs). A DM yield of 8698 kg ha^?1 was obtained with the DMPP applied at the greater rate against only 7444 kg ha^?1 obtained with the greater rate of DCD (4767 kg ha^?1 in the SO treatment). Therefore, it can be concluded that DMPP is more efficient as an NI than DCD when combined with cattle slurry.     

How does the application of different nitrification inhibitors affect nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from cow urine in grazed pastures?

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) is a potent greenhouse gas, and nitrate () is a water contaminant. In grazed grassland, the major source of both leaching and N₂O emissions is nitrogen (N) deposited in animal excreta, particularly in the urine. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of two nitrification inhibitors: (i) a solution of dicyandiamide (DCD) and (ii) a liquid formulation of 3,4‐dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) for reducing N₂O emissions and leaching from urine patch areas in two grazed pasture soils under different environmental conditions. In the Canterbury Templeton soil, the nitrification rate of ammonium from the animal urine applied at 1000 kg N/ha was significantly decreased by the application of DCD (10 kg/ha) and DMPP (5 kg/ha). N₂O emissions, measured over a 3‐month period, from dairy cow urine applied to the Canterbury Templeton soil were 1.14 kg N₂O‐N/ha, and this was reduced to 0.43 and 0.39 kg N₂O‐N/ha by DCD and the liquid DMPP, respectively. These are equivalent to 62–66% reductions in the total N₂O emissions. Nitrate leaching losses from dairy cow urine applied to the Waikato Horotiu soil lysimeters were reduced from 628.6 kg ‐N/ha to 400.6 and 451.5 kg ‐N/ha by the application of DCD (10 kg/ha) or DMPP (1 kg/ha), respectively. There was no significant difference between the DCD solution and the liquid DMPP in terms of their effectiveness in reducing N₂O emissions or leaching under the experimental conditions of this study. These results suggest that both the liquid formulations of DCD and DMPP have the potential to be used as nitrification inhibitors to reduce N₂O emissions and leaching in grazed pasture soils.     

The effect of dicyandiamide on pasture nitrate concentration,yield and N offtake under high N loading in winter and spring

High nitrate () concentrations in pastures and forages represent a health risk to grazing livestock. A field trial was conducted on the Lincoln University Dairy Farm, New Zealand, to investigate the effects of applying the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) on soil extractable N and pasture concentrations in winter and spring. Treatments were control (T1), urea (T2), urea + DCD (T3), May urine + DCD (T4), August urine + DCD (T5), May urine (T6) and August urine (T7). Urine treatments were applied to the ryegrass‐white clover pasture in either May or August. The DCD treatments were applied at 10 kg DCD ha^?1 in May and August and urea at 25 kg N ha^?1 at selected intervals. Soil samples (0‐ to 75‐ and 75‐ to 150‐mm horizons) were taken regularly to monitor soil and ammonium () levels. Six pasture harvests were conducted from August 2007 to March 2008 and samples analysed for ‐N concentrations and total N content. Application of DCD significantly (P < 0·001) increased total dry‐matter (DM) production by 39 and 42% for the autumn and spring urine treatments, respectively, compared to the urine‐alone treatments. In addition, the application of DCD also significantly (P < 0·001) increased DM yield by 12% on the urea‐only treatment. DCD significantly (P < 0·001) reduced pasture concentrations in both autumn‐ and spring‐applied urine treatments where DCD was applied. This was directly linked to reductions in soil , and increases in soil , from DCD application. The preferential uptake by pasture for ‐N over ‐N may also have been a contributing factor. DCD application can therefore substantially reduce pasture ‐N concentrations to safe levels under high N‐loading (urine patch) conditions.     

Evaluation of Two Products Recently Introduced as Nitrification Inhibitors

This study compared the relative effectiveness of two products recently introduced as nitrification inhibitors with other materials used to inhibit nitrification. Four soils were treated with 0, 0.2, 1, 5, and 25 mg kg^?1 of nitrapyrin (NP), a new microencapsulated nitrapyrin product (ENP), dicyandiamide (DCD), a new maleic-itaconic polymer product (MIP), and ammonium thiosulfate (ATS). The soils were also treated with 200 mg N kg^?1 as urea, and percent inhibition of nitrification determined after 2 or 4 weeks of incubation. After 4 weeks, similar levels of nitrification inhibition were provided by 1 mg kg^?1 of NP (72%), 5 mg kg^?1 of ENP (79%), and 25 mg kg^?1 of DCD (73%), averaged across soil. After 4 weeks with a sandy soil, the highest rate of MIP and ATS provided 15 and 36% inhibition, respectively. MIP and ATS were ineffective at inhibiting nitrification when added to the other three soils.

Abbreviations: ATS: ammonium thiosulfate; DCD: dicyandiamide; ENP: encapsulated nitrapyrin; MIP: maleic-itaconic polymer; NP: nitrapyrin; UAN: urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer