播期对三江平原主栽水稻品种品质的影响

通过播期试验,对三江平原5个主栽水稻品种的品质性状进行分析。结果表明,播期对整精米率、垩白米率、垩白度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量、食味值均有影响,对糙米率、精米率影响较小。随着播期的推迟,整精米率明显降低,外观品质变劣,且二者呈极显著负相关;直链淀粉含量呈升高趋势,蛋白质含量则呈降低趋势;食味值变化因品种而异。对品质各性状的变异系数进行聚类分析,结果表明,垩白粒率、垩白度受播期影响最大,属于敏感性状;糙米率、精米率、食味值、直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量受播期影响较小,属于迟钝性状;整精米率受播期影响变异幅度在二者之间。综合而言,早播对5个水稻品种整体品质提升具有正向作用;但从食味值角度出发,早熟品种龙粳31和龙粳46适当晚播可能更有利于口感的改善。     

不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜生长发育及品质的影响

【目的】 研究新疆北疆地区不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜生长发育及品质的影响。【方法】 以绿冠369和美国大叶2个菠菜品种为试材,分别于2018年8月15日、8月25日、9月15日播种,次年开春时测定其生长指标、品质指标、产量、抽薹时间等相关指标。【结果】 露地栽培条件下,2个菠菜品种在3个不同的播种期均可安全越冬,次年开春采收时随播期的延后2个菠菜品种草酸含量呈递减趋势,抽薹时间会推迟,有效叶片数量和有效产量增加成正比,2个菠菜品种最早(8月15日)播种者越冬后的有效叶片数量和有效产量最低。【结论】 不同播种期对露地越冬菠菜部分品质指标和产量的影响很明显,新疆北疆地区根据当地气温条件,平均温度降到15~20℃时播种为宜,一般8月25日以后。     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明,密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大,密度和施胶量越大,重组方材力学性能越好;热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³,施胶量12%,热压温度180℃,热压时间40 min;较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa,静曲强度为68.7 MPa,顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa,内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

播期对直播水稻产量、花后各器官干物质和氮素积累及转运的影响

为探究播期对直播水稻产量、花后干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响,以水稻品种白粳1号、长白9号和龙粳31号为供试材料,设置3个播期（SD1、SD2和SD3）,比较不同播期条件下3个品种的产量、抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累与转运特点。3个品种抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累量、抽穗至成熟期各器官干物质及氮素转运量和产量均表现为SD2>SD3>SD1。相关分析表明,产量与成熟期穗干物质及氮素积累量呈显著正相关,与叶片干物质和氮素转运量呈显著正相关。在本试验条件下,播期的推迟提高了3个品种有效穗数及结实率,进而提高了产量,同时促进了各器官物质转运量与转运率的提高。各品种SD2处理的产量及花后干物质、氮素积累量最高,SD2为适宜播期。     

Breaching the black box: The role of ramps in Thai sustainable palm oil certification

Certification of sustainable palm oil as organised through the Round Table on Sustainable Palm Oil is based on a simplified understanding of the global palm oil value chain – according to which instructions about production practices can be directly translated from the palm oil mill to the primary producer. The reality of palm oil provision is much more complex than this as is shown in the case of Thailand. On the basis of qualitative field study in Southern Thailand this paper clarifies that intermediary stages, such as the collection of oil palm fruit bunches at the ramp, play a key role in the organisation of the chain. The fluidity and complexity of the palm oil flow at the local level complicates the promotion of sustainability through certification. Global and national stakeholders, such as processing and trading firms, non‐governmental organisations and national governments, should therefore open this black box of local dynamics to more effectively contribute to sustainability in palm oil supply.     

吉林省降雪初终日时空变化特征

利用吉林省1961-2015年逐日降水和天气现象资料,对降雪初、终日的时空变化特征进行了分析。结果表明:吉林省降雪平均日期始于10月22日,止于次年4月18日。降雪初、终日存在空间差异,东部山区开始早结束晚,西部平原开始晚结束早。降雪初、终日的空间第一模态为全省一致的偏早(晚)型,初日第二空间模态为南北反向型,终日第二向量场为东西反向型。初日集中在10、11月,以10月中旬出现概率最大,终日集中在3-5月,以4月中旬出现概率最大。初日存在8 a强显著周期,终日存在5 a强显著周期。降雪初、终日与大气环流有直接关系,初日推迟年西太平洋副高面积偏小、偏北,提前年副高面积偏大、偏南;终日推迟年副高面积偏小、偏南,提前年副高面积偏大、偏北。降雪初、终日还与地理环境有关,降雪初日随海拔的降低呈推迟趋势,终日则随着纬度升高和海拔降低呈提前趋势。     

不同收获时期对稻米味度值和RVA谱特性的影响

选用粳稻品种东优9901和长粒香,研究不同收获时期对稻米味度值与RVA谱特性的影响.结果表明:不同收获期处理间的味度值和粘滞峰消减值没有显著差异;但整精米率、下降粘度和最高粘度均存在显著或极显著的差异,东优9901在灌浆35～40 d时RVA谱特性最佳,而长粒香在灌浆35～45 d时RVA谱特性最好.     

Interannual differences in growth and hatch‐date distributions of early juvenile European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay: implications for recruitment

In order to understand better the recruitment variability in European anchovy in the Bay of Biscay, it is important to investigate the processes that affect survival during the early life stages. Anchovy juvenile growth trajectories and hatch‐date distributions were inferred over a 3‐year period based on otolith microstructure analysis. Otolith growth trajectories showed a characteristic shape depending on their hatch‐date timing. Earlier‐born juveniles had notably broader maximum increments than later born conspecifics, resulting in higher growth rates. This observation suggests that early hatching would be beneficial for larval and juvenile growth, and, therefore, survival. The estimated juvenile hatch‐date distributions were relatively narrow compared with the extended anchovy spawning season (March–August) in the Bay of Biscay and indicated that only individuals originated mainly from the summer months (June–August) survived until autumn. Hatch‐date distributions were markedly different among years and seemed to influence the interannual recruitment strength of anchovy. We conclude that years characterized by juvenile survivors originating from the peak spawning period (May and June) would lead to considerable recruitment success. Downwelling events during the peak spawning period seem to affect larval survival. Furthermore, size‐dependent overwinter mortality would be an additional process that regulates recruitment strength in the anchovy population in the Bay of Biscay.     

不同摘袋时间对日面红梨果实品质及贮藏性的影响

以条黑育果袋在3个不同时期摘袋,研究其对日面红梨品质的影响。结果表明：7月上旬摘袋,果锈、日烧均严重,失水率高。7月下旬摘袋,黑点病多,裂果严重,着色不良。7月中旬摘袋,果锈少,黑点病、裂果、日烧、失水均较少,着色也良好,是摘袋最佳时间。     

不同播期下水热因子对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响

为了解不同播期下水热因子变化对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响,以白燕2号裸燕麦品种为材料,于2018-2019年探究了5个不同播期（4月18、4月28日、5月8日、5月18日、5月28日）对燕麦生长、产量和品质的影响。结果表明：（1）随着播期的推后,燕麦生育期缩短5~14 d;播期每推迟10 d,营养生长期平均推迟5~9 d;燕麦拔节到抽穗期的降雨分配、全生育期降雨总量和苗期积温提高。（2）拔节到抽穗期的降雨量和整个生育期降雨总量增加有利于燕麦产量提高,分蘖到拔节期积温和拔节到抽穗期的降雨量与粗蛋白含量呈显著正相关,抽穗到灌浆期的降雨量与粗脂肪含量呈显著正相关,但灌浆到成熟期期间降雨不利于燕麦产量和品质的形成。（3）5月28日播种的燕麦生长表现最佳,株高、茎粗和籽粒产量分别较4月18日播种提高了21.57%、25.12%和24.91%;燕麦品质以5月18日播种表现最优,β-葡聚糖、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别较4月18日播种平均提高了43.11%、9.22%和14.65%。总之,我国北方燕麦主产区不同的播期主要因为各生育时期的降雨量不同而影响燕麦产量和品质,其中拔节到灌浆期间的降雨量增加有利于燕麦粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量提高,燕麦全生育期总降雨量增加有利于产量形成。