播期和密度对马铃薯原种扩繁生长发育及产量的影响

在马铃薯原种生产中,播种密度和播种期对原种繁育的产量、种薯大小等有着明显的影响。选用当地主栽品种大西洋,于2017-2018年在山丹县冷凉区域,同一地点开展不同播期和密度试验。播种选择4月25日、5月5日、5月15日、5月25日和6月5日,种植密度设置60 000、90 000、120 000、150 000和180 000粒/hm ² 5个水平。结果表明,在当地的栽培模式大垄双行覆膜种植下,4月25日-5月15日播种,播种密度为120 000、150 000粒/hm ²,产量在45 285~46 770kg/hm ²,中种薯率在75.3%~79.6%,合格种薯多,均为最高,且此范围产量差异不显著。考虑到节约原原种投入降低成本,生产中优选120 000粒/hm ²的播种密度,在4月25日-5月15日种植,是大西洋原种繁育的最佳选择方案。     

‘中蕉9号’在不同移栽期下的产量及品质比较

引进镰刀菌枯萎病4号生理小种高抗品种‘中蕉9号’,在广西南宁1—10月不同时段移栽,以‘桂蕉1号’作为对照,并观察其生长特性、产量和果实品质等表现,以期为广西优异抗病品种的选择提供参考。结果表明,与当地传统品种‘桂蕉1号’相比,‘中蕉9号’在广西种植有较大的产量优势,其平均产量较‘桂蕉1号’高16.2%;2月15日及10月1日移栽期处理产量最高。不同移栽期的‘中蕉9号’生育期较‘桂蕉1号’长140~181 d,且其夏秋季种植较冬春季种植生育期平均延长161 d,主要是由于抽蕾推迟。此外,‘中蕉9号’假茎粗壮,在抽蕾前有较高的叶片光合势和叶面积指数,是其生物量和产量形成的基础。品质方面,1月1日移栽的‘中蕉9号’果实催熟后总糖和可滴定酸含量较‘桂蕉1号’分别高出29.0%和63.0%,而脂肪含量显著低于‘桂蕉1号’,‘中蕉9号’果实表现出高糖、高酸、低脂的特点。综上,‘中蕉9号’在广西种植有一定产量优势,但生育期较长,抽蕾晚,冬春季2月15日移栽可获得高产的同时缩短生育期,但仍需进一步在病区试验种植观察其综合表现。     

冬牧70黑麦草在鲁中山区引种栽培初报

通过引种栽培试验,测定了鲁中山区自然环境条件下,冬牧70黑麦草Lolium perenne在不同播种期的生产性能综合指标.试验结果表明:冬牧70黑麦草适宜在鲁中地区大面积推广栽培.以综合生产性能衡量,9月下旬播种较为适宜;冬前供应青草,可在8月中下旬种植;如用于生产精饲料或用于留种,也可推迟到10月中下旬播种.     

重庆地区油菜收获后单作竹豆适宜播期和翻埋期的研究

在重庆地区,选择夏季豆科绿肥作物竹豆为研究对象,设置3个播期(间隔5d)与3个翻压期(间隔15d),测定了不同生育期竹豆的地上/地下干物质和养分含量;采取尼龙袋法测定不同翻压期竹豆干物质和氮磷钾等养分的腐解速率;同时测定了竹豆翻埋后土壤速效养分含量的变化情况。结果表明,播期与翻压期显著影响单作竹豆生物量及养分含量。随着播期的推迟,地上部干重显著下降,根冠比早期下降,后期有增加趋势。推迟播种时,植株全氮含量在生育后期整体高于对照。植株全磷含量不同时期变化趋势不同,全钾含量推迟播种后整体表现出显著下降的趋势。翻埋后,不同播期植株干物质及养分降解速率变化趋势基本一致,翻压期推迟15d时的干物质、全氮、全磷及全钾残留率均显著高于对照。随着翻埋时间的延长,土壤碱解氮含量整体呈增加趋势,而土壤速效钾和速效磷含量不同时期存在差异。综合分析认为,在重庆地区单作竹豆应在前茬油菜收获后推迟10d播种,翻压时间宜在8月初。     

不同播期对西蒙185产量影响的研究

2021年在陕西渭南地区以玉米西蒙185为供试材料,共设置8个播期,研究播期对西蒙185果穗性状及产量的影响,确定西蒙185的最佳播期,旨在为西蒙185的高产栽培及进一步的推广应用提供理论支撑。研究发现,随着播种时间的推迟,玉米产量呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,在5月8日播种的玉米产量最高,达到12 204.00 kg/hm²。经回归分析发现最佳播期在5月8日～18日之间。     

Sward characteristics, grass dry matter intake and milk production performance is affected by timing of spring grazing and subsequent stocking rate

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of contrasting spring grazing dates (GD) and stocking rate (SR) on sward characteristics, grass dry matter intake and milk production performance of autumn calving dairy cows during the spring period. Two swards were created by grazing in March (early grazing; E) or by delaying first grazing until mid-April (late grazing; L). Two stocking rates, high (H; 5.5) and medium (M; 4.5) were applied across each sward. Forty eight autumn calving Holstein cows (160 ± 35 days in milk) were assigned to one of four (n = 12) different grazing treatments. The experiment began on April 17th and finished after 2 grazing rotations on June 20th. Later spring grazing significantly increased herbage mass (kg DM/ha) above ground level (+ 933, P < 0.05) and > 50 mm (+ 738, P < 0.05). Compressed sward height (+ 22.1 mm, P < 0.05), extended tiller height (+ 73 mm, P < 0.001) and pseudostem height (+ 35 mm, P < 0.001) were also significantly higher for later grazed swards. In the grazing horizon (> 80 mm— extended tiller height), later grazed swards had significantly lower leaf proportion (− 0.09, P < 0.05) and higher dead material (+ 0.05, P < 0.001). Daily herbage allowance (> 50 mm) was on average 12.7, 15.9, 18.2 and 21.9 kg DM/cow for EH, EM, LH and LM, respectively. Daily leaf allowance (> 80 mm) was 10.1, 12.3, 13.3 and 14.5 kg DM/cow for EH, EM, LH and LM, respectively. The EM (16.2 kg DM/cow), LH (+ 0.1 kg) and LM (0.8 kg) treatments all had similar grass DM intake, however there was evidence of an interaction (P < 0.10) between GD and SR, this was due to the low grass DM intake of the EH (13.9 kg DM/cow) treatment. When expressed as UFL (Fill unit) intake the EM treatment recorded the highest value. There was a significant interaction between GD and SR (P < 0.01) for milk, protein yield, 4% fat corrected milk yield (P < 0.05) and protein concentration (P < 0.001). Cows grazing the EM treatment produced 23.9 kg of milk, 876 and 685 g of fat and protein yield. The difference in milk production (cow/day) between EM and EH treatments was + 3.6 kg milk, + 98 g fat and + 107 g protein. The production yield difference between LM and LH treatments was + 1.1 kg milk, + 27 g fat and + 29 g protein in favour of the LM treatment (23.9 kg of milk, 877 and 687 g fat and protein yield). Herbage quality and morphological characteristics are clearly improved with early spring grazing as herbage mass is reduced on subsequent rotations. Swards grazed in early spring allow higher grass utilisation and high milk production performance when grazed at a medium stocking rate. Improved milk production from herbage can be achieved provided herbage mass and allowance are maintained at levels where herbage quality decreases are minimised.     

播期对吉林中部春玉米产量形成及氮素分配的影响

本实验设置3个播种日期,对比研究不同播种日期对两个玉米品种产量、生物量、氮素积累和分配特征的影响。结果表明,XY335在早播和晚播处理下,产量比中播处理分别提高11.5%和5.1%;ZD958在早播和中播处理下,产量较晚播分别提高15.8%和11.1%。在VT-R6期,XY335的干物质积累和氮素积累早播和晚播较中播分别提高6.8%和2.7%、31.5%和11.4%,ZD958的干物质和氮素积累早播和中播较晚播分别提高26.6%和25.9%、99.2%和59.4%。在早播处理下,XY335、ZD958具有较高的花后干物质和氮素分配,分别达到了58.5%和63.2%、49.1%和52.2%。在公主岭地区,两个品种均适宜早播,但XY335播期范围更广,适宜播期均通过提高VT-R6期的干物质积累和氮素积累而提升产量。     

Ten consecutive years of regulated deficit irrigation probe the sustainability and profitability of this water saving strategy in loquat

The successful application of postharvest regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) over ten consecutive years (from season 1999/2000 to season 2007/2008) confirms the sustainability of this strategy for producing ‘Algerie’ loquat. Postharvest RDI consisting in a reduction of watering (between 45 and 80% depending on the season) from early June until the end of August, improved loquat profitability by increasing fruit value and by reducing water consumption with respect to fully irrigated trees (control). The increase in fruit value in RDI trees was due to a consistent improvement in harvest earliness as a result of an earlier blooming. Water savings of around 20% did not diminish yield nor fruit quality. Water use efficiency in RDI trees rose by over 30%. Water productivity reached 9.5 € m⁻³ of water applied in RDI trees versus 6.6 € m⁻³ in control trees. The most noticeable effect of RDI on vegetative growth was a significant and progressive decline in trunk growth. The canopy volume seems to be strongly influenced by pruning and no significant effects were detected in this parameter. Our results confirm the suitability of RDI in loquat and the economic benefits of saving water during the summer.     

玉米粗缩病发生规律和综合防治技术研究

玉米粗缩病的发生有一定的规律性,第一代灰飞虱5月25日左右迁飞进入玉米田叮咬吸吮玉米汁液传毒感病是玉米发生粗缩病的根本原因。利用杀虫剂严格选择喷药时期(5月23～27日)杀虫防毒对防治玉米粗缩病十分有效。选择抗病品种或调节播期均不失为防治玉米粗缩病的有效措施。     

鲜食橄榄果实的适宜采收期及其品质评价参数的研究

以"檀香"橄榄果实为试材,研究7个采收期(从9月7日到12月7日按节气采果,分别为采收期Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ、Ⅶ)对鲜食橄榄果实品质的影响及其品质评价参数。结果表明:随着采收期的延迟和果实成熟度的提高,采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ的橄榄果实表面色调角h°、果皮叶绿素含量、果肉可滴定酸和单宁含量下降,果皮类胡萝卜素含量、果肉可溶性固形物含量、固酸比值、可溶性总糖含量、还原糖含量和糖酸比值增加,果实食用品质提高;但采收期Ⅶ(过熟)的橄榄果实果肉可溶性固形物、可溶性总糖、还原糖含量和果实食用品质下降;因此认为,采收期显著影响鲜食橄榄果实品质,且以采收期Ⅵ(完熟,小雪节气采收)的橄榄果实鲜食品质最佳。同时发现,橄榄果实表面色调角h°,果皮叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量,果肉可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、固酸比值、可溶性总糖、还原性糖、糖酸比值、单宁含量等品质指标可作为确定鲜食橄榄果实食用品质及采收期Ⅰ~采收期Ⅵ成熟度的参数,为量化衡量橄榄果实食用品质和成熟度提供方法。