香豆素对多花黑麦草种子萌发和幼苗生长化感作用的机理研究

为探明化感物质香豆素的化感抑草作用机理,采用实验室培养皿生物监测法研究香豆素对多花黑麦草种子萌发及幼苗生长过程中主要生长和生理生化指标的影响,观察了种子和幼苗茎秆的超微组织结构变化。结果表明,与对照相比,香豆素显著降低了多花黑麦草种子的发芽势、根长、根干重、茎长和茎叶干重等生长指标(P<0.05);香豆素处理显著降低了吲哚乙酸氧化酶(IAAO)活性和叶绿素含量(P<0.05),同时显著提高了可溶性糖含量(P<0.05),以及4和6 d种子的蛋白质浓度(P<0.05);且在前期促进了多花黑麦草幼苗的过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、抑制了过氧化物酶(POD)活性,而后CAT降低,POD先升高后降低(P<0.05),淀粉含量升高。100 μg/mL的香豆素水溶液只能在多花黑麦草种子发芽和幼苗生长初期可以很大限度的起到抑制作用,但不足以使其致死。香豆素抑制种子胚乳养分的分解与供应,破坏胚乳细胞的细胞膜、细胞壁,同时可能使细胞失水而导致质壁分离。     

Neighbourhood infections of classical swine fever during the 1997-1998 epidemic in The Netherlands

Data of the 1997–1998 epidemic of classical swine fever (CSF) in The Netherlands were analysed in survival analysis to identify risk factors that were associated with the rate of neighbourhood infections. The study population consisted of herds within 1000 m of exclusively one previously infected herd. Dates of virus introduction into herds were drawn randomly from estimated probability distributions per herd of possible weeks of virus introduction. (To confirm the insensitivity of the results for this random data-selection procedure, the procedure was repeated 9 times (resulting in 10 different datasets).) The dataset had 906 non-infected and 59 infected neighbour herds, which were distributed over 215 different neighbourhoods. Neighbour herds that never became infected were right-censored at the last date of the infectious period of the infected source herd. Neighbour herds that became empty within the infectious period or within the following 21 days due to preventive depopulation or due to the implemented buying-out programme were right-censored 21 days before the moment of becoming empty. This was done as a correction for the time a herd could be infected without being noticed as such.

The median time to identified infection of neighbour herds was 2 weeks, whereas the median time to right censoring of non-infected neighbour herds was 3 weeks. The risk factors, radial distance ≤500 m, cattle present on source herd and increasing herd size of the neighbour herd were associated multivariably with the hazard for neighbour herds to become infected. We did not find an association between time down wind and infection risk for neighbour herds. Radial dispersion of CSFV seemed more important in neighbourhood infections than dispersion along the road on which the infected source herd is situated. The results of this study support the strategy of preventive depopulation in the neighbourhood of an infected herd. Recommendations are presented to adapt the applied control strategy for neighbourhood infections.     

浙江水稻稻种病原细菌多样性研究

 1997~2000年间对以浙江平原、丘陵及山区为主的稻种病原细菌开展了种类、频率及传病率的研究。从303份稻种样本中分离出3906个菌株,经菌落形态、细菌学、致病性测定后获得201个致病或弱致病菌(占总数的5.15%)。选出致病及非致病代表菌株299个连同23个对照菌株用Biolog进行证实。结果表明种子上所带的病原细菌涉及到6个致病细菌种和5个弱致病种。平原稻区存在较多致病细菌种,山区较少,但两地均以弱致病细菌种占优势;丘陵的强致病细菌种的分离频率显著高于平原与山区。在稻种上携带的11个细菌种中,人工接种和自然感染的病稻种均能引起传病的有Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzicola,Pseudomonas fuscovaginae及Acidovorax avenae subsp.avenae.     

Characterisation of a Quantitative Resistance to Vector Transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium

Two wild genotypes from the same species Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, WVA106 (susceptible) and INRA-Hirsute (so-called ‘resistant’), were compared with respect to their reaction to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus isolate Réunion (TYLCV-Mld[RE]), using both whitefly-mediated inoculation and graft inoculation. Disease incidence and symptom severity were scored. Presence and quantification of viral DNA were assessed by dot blot hybridisation. Upon insect inoculation, accession INRA-Hirsute showed a moderate resistance against TYLCV that was overcome by a high inoculation pressure obtained by increasing the cumulative number of inoculative whiteflies. Temporal analyses of the disease progress in relation to this criterion exhibited that the protection was quantitative, mainly reducing the TYLCV-Mld[RE] incidence by at maximum 50% at low inoculation pressure. When graft inoculated, the final TYLCV-Mld[RE] disease incidence was 100% in both susceptible and resistant genotypes with severe symptoms, suggesting a reduction of virus transmission by a vector resistance as a possible mechanism. Implications of using such type of resistance in breeding programmes are discussed.     

Low root‐to‐root transmission of a tobamovirus,yellow tailflower mild mottle virus,and resilience of its virions

Tobamoviruses are serious pathogens because they have extremely stable virions, they are transmitted by contact, and they often induce severe disease in crops. Knowledge of the routes of transmission and resilience of tobamovirus virions is essential in understanding the epidemiology of this group of viruses. Here, an isolate of the tobamovirus yellow tailflower mild mottle virus (YTMMV) was used to examine root‐to‐root transmission in soil and in a hydroponic growth environment. Root‐to‐root transmission occurred rarely, and when it occurred plants did not exhibit systemic movement of the virus from the roots to the shoots over a 30‐day period. The resilience of YTMMV virions was tested in dried leaf tissue over time periods from one hour to one year under temperatures ranging from ?80 to 160 °C. Infectivity was maintained for at least a year when incubated at ?80 or 22 °C, or at fluctuating ambient temperatures of 0.8 to 44.4 °C, but incubation under dry conditions at 160 °C for >4 days eliminated infectivity. Exposure of virions to 0.1 m sodium hydroxide or 20% w/v skimmed milk solution for 30 min, treatments recommended for tobamovirus inactivation, did not abolish infectivity of YTMMV.     

基于DEM-CFD耦合的气吸式酸枣捡拾装置的优化设计

针对目前酸枣的收获主要依赖人工的问题,研究一种气吸式酸枣捡拾机械装置。分析酸枣的物理特性,计算酸枣的悬浮速度、流体域压降变化,通过逆向技术、三维图像重建获取酸枣的点云数据,并对酸枣的点云数据进行降噪处理,建立酸枣三维模型。通过Edem-Fluent气固耦合软件对酸枣吸拾过程进行仿真分析,获取管径、流量、酸枣速度、接触力等参数,利用响应面分析对参数进行优化,并研制酸枣捡拾机进行试验。分析表明,流量是影响捡拾效率的主要因素,管径是影响酸枣破损的主要因素,仿真结果和试验表明气吸式酸枣捡拾装置最佳管径0.11 m,最佳流量0.28 m3·s^-1。该装置能降低酸枣采收成本,缩短酸枣采收周期,同时提高捡拾效率。     

格木寄生线虫中国新记录种——卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari

在对广东省主要珍贵树种上的线虫进行调查时从格木Erythrophleum fordii上分离到一种隐皮孢囊线虫,经形态特征观察和测量数据分析,将其鉴定为卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫Cryphodera kalesari。其诊断特征为:雌虫椭圆形至近球形,头部具有1个唇盘和2～3个唇环,口针长33.6～37.8μm,阴门唇突出,阴门与肛门之间区域凹陷,肛阴距为42～72μm;2龄幼虫头部具1个明显的唇盘和3个唇后环纹,口针长24.8～29.5μm,口针基部球前缘凹陷,侧区3条侧线,尾长圆锥形,长38～53.5μm,尾末端细圆,透明尾长17.1～25.1μm,侧尾腺孔位于肛门后2～5环;雄虫未发现。本研究首次获得了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫的rDNA(LSU D2D3和ITS)序列,为此线虫的鉴定提供了可靠的分子数据。本研究还分析了卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫与本属其他种类的系统进化关系。卡勒萨隐皮孢囊线虫为中国的地理新记录种。格木为隐皮孢囊线虫的新寄主。     

The importance of regulatory data protection or exclusive use and other forms of intellectual property rights in the crop protection industry

In order for a chemical plant protection product to be authorised for sale a registration dossier has to be assembled to demonstrate safety and efficacy to the satisfaction of government regulators. These studies and tests are protected for a period of 10 years in Europe, North America and some other jurisdictions from the date of first product authorisation so that only the data owner can gain commercial benefit from the data. Subsequent regulatory reviews which require new studies should not result in further periods of regulatory data protection exclusive use for the new data but compensation should be payable to the data generator. © 2016 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.     

基于MODIS的沙漠化地区植被覆盖度提取模型的研究

目前常用的植被覆盖度遥感反演模型,受限条件较多,所用系数精度不高。针对上述问题,提出了利用研究区域的实测最大和最小植被覆盖度确定反演模型系数的方法和基于MODIS影像数据的地面实测验证方法。经用该方法对毛乌素沙地沙漠化地区的植被覆盖度进行反演,并同步监测该区域的地表覆盖度对反演结果进行验证,结果表明地面同步实测植被覆盖度与反演的误差绝对值平均值为0.04,反演方法精度较高。研究表明本文提出的利用MODIS影像数据反演沙漠化地区地表覆盖度的模型、地面验证方法切实可行,适合对沙漠化地区地表植被覆盖度大范围且快速的遥感监测。     

Quantifying uncertainty in the wild‐caught fisheries goal of the Ocean Health Index

Sustainability indices are proliferating, both to help synthesize scientific understanding and inform policy. However, it remains poorly understood how such indices are affected by underlying assumptions of the data and modelling approaches used to compute indicator values. Here, we focus on one such indicator, the fisheries goal within the Ocean Health Index (OHI), which evaluates the sustainable provision of food from wild fisheries. We quantify uncertainty in the fisheries goal status arising from the (a) approach for estimating missing data (i.e., fish stocks with no status) and (b) reliance on a data‐limited method (catch‐MSY) to estimate stock status (i.e., B/B_MSY). We also compare several other models to estimate B/B_MSY, including an ensemble approach, to determine whether alternative models might reduce uncertainty and bias. We find that the current OHI fisheries goal model results in overly optimistic fisheries goal statuses. Uncertainty and bias can be reduced by (a) using a mean (vs. median) gap‐filling approach to estimate missing stock scores and (b) estimating fisheries status using the central tendency from a simulated distribution of status scores generated by a bootstrap approach that incorporates error in B/B_MSY. This multitiered approach to measure and describe uncertainty improves the transparency and interpretation of the indicator and allows us to better understand uncertainty around our OHI fisheries model and outputs for country‐level interpretation and use.