Fatigue property of high-performance polyethylene netting twine

Tensile and knot fatigue property of high-performance polyethylene (HPPE), regular polyethylene (PE), nylon multifilament (PAmu), and nylon monofilament (PAmo) under cyclic loading conditions were investigated. The durability of HPPE under tensile fatigue testing was largest, followed by PAmo, PAmu and PE. In knot fatigue, the largest was PAmo, followed by HPPE, PAmu, and PE. High resistance by HPPE to the cyclic loads was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, which showed that HPPE suffered the least damage from abrasion compared with the other twines. From the measurement of elongation changes during the cyclic loading, HPPE had very small changes. The low elongation value of HPPE was probably the result of its better fatigue property because there was less damage from abrasion.     

Dietary available phosphorus requirement for juvenile gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio var. CASIII)

A 57‐day growth experiment was conducted with juvenile gibel carp (13.48 ± 0.10 g) in a flow‐through system to study the effect of dietary phosphorus on growth performance, body composition, nutrition utilization, phosphorus loading and enzymes activities. Seven semipurifed diets were formulated to contain 0.07 (the basal), 2.27, 5.32, 8.10, 12.06, 15.24 and 19.48 g available phosphorus/kg diet. The results showed that specific growth rate, body length and feed efficiency significantly increased in the fish fed diets containing 0.07 to 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05). Ash and P content increased in fish fed diets containing 0.07–12.06 P g/kg (p < .05) and then levelled off, while moisture, crude protein and lipid had no significant difference (p > .05). The protein retention efficiency increased in the fish fed with diets 0.07–5.32 g/kg P (p < .05) and then reached a plateau. The P content in faeces was higher in fish fed diets containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg. Total P concentration in tank water increased in fish fed 0.07–12.06 g available P per kg diet (p < .05). The plasma P was higher in the fish fed with 15.24 g available P/kg diet (p < .05), triglycerides was lower in the fish fed diet containing 15.24 and 19.48 g available P/kg (p < .05), no significant differences were observed in plasma Ca, plasma glucose and calcitonin (p > .05). Based on SGR, whole body P content and FE, dietary available P requirement for juvenile gibel carp were 13.37, 13.97 g/kg and 15.06 respectively.     

洋河水库流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征

为探究洋河水库流域面源污染的空间分布特征,基于气象、土地利用、农业管理等数据资料,计算2013年洋河水库流域农村生活污水、固体废弃物、畜禽养殖流失、化肥流失、水土流失污染和城镇地表径流污染6种污染来源中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH3-N）、化学耗氧量（COD）4个污染物指标排放负荷,并通过GIS空间分析反映流域内的污染分布情况。结果表明,畜禽养殖污染物排泄量对研究区污染负荷贡献最大,年产生量约51621.34 t,入河量2961.52 t,占比分别为92%和85%;从总量上看,洋河水库流域的面源污染负荷分布在西洋河支流区域范围;单位面积负荷量最大的区域是迷雾河支流区域范围。据此确定了西洋河和迷雾河流域为今后洋河水库流域面源污染重点治理的区域,此研究结果可为洋河水库流域面源污染防治及消减提供理论依据。     

不同规格生态沟渠对排水中污染物的处理能力之比较研究

利用三种不同深度规格的生态沟渠（E_0.80、E_1.05和E_1.30）,通过控制相同的表面水力负荷,比较研究了动态进水（TN 0.86~6.13 mg?L^-1、TP 0.11~0.28 mg?L^-1）条件下生态沟渠对农业面源主要污染物的去除效果,同时考察其耐冲击负荷能力和适宜建造长度。结果表明：整个试验期间,三种不同深度规格的生态沟渠对铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）和悬浮物（SS）的去除率均达到50%以上,其中E_1.30对污染物的去除效率较高,NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP和SS的总平均去除率分别为64.8%、63.1%、71.8%和60.8%。同时,E_1.30的污染物出水浓度较为稳定,耐冲击负荷能力相对较强。进水浓度较高情况下,E_1.30在TN、TP出水浓度为2 mg?L^-1和0.2 mg?L^-1时所需长度分别为27.4 m和4.9 m,为三种规格生态沟渠中最短。表明生态沟渠是有效去除农业面源污染物的技术,在实际应用中可因地制宜地建设E_1.30规格的生态沟渠,并可辅以高效吸附氮磷材料等其他措施,进一步提高生态沟渠对农业面源污染物的去除能力。     

中国区域畜禽粪便能源潜力及总量控制研究

为了评估中国畜禽粪便资源总量及其对环境的影响,以环保部、统计局和农业部发布的区域畜禽产排污系数为基础,利用2010年的统计数据,研究了中国及各省的畜禽粪便资源总量、能源潜力及农地的氮磷负荷,并以欧盟的农地氮磷施用标准对中国畜禽养殖的环境容量和污染风险进行了初步评估。结果表明,2010年,中国畜禽粪便总量达22.35亿t,可产沼气1072.75亿m3,山东等6省市粪便资源超过1.00亿t;全国单位面积农地氮磷平均负荷为43.73kg/hm2(TN)和9.16kg/hm2(TP),北京等6省市农地氮磷负荷超标;全国畜禽养殖环境容量为129.56亿头猪当量(以N为基准),159.74亿头猪当量(以P为基准),实际养殖总量约占环境容量的1/4,考虑化肥施用的影响,约有20个省超过本省50%环境容量。研究结果为区域畜禽养殖总量控制、合理布局和粪污的综合利用提供决策依据。     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

两种不同布水方式对生物砂滤池去除厌氧消化液氨氮的影响

在实验室条件下,采用试验生物砂滤柱模拟生物砂滤池系统,研究了雾化和滴渗布水方式对生物砂滤池去除猪场厌氧消化液氨氮的影响,结果表明:在进水水力负荷为0.057 m3.m-2d-1,氨氮平均浓度分别为293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1,553 mg.L-1时,雾化布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为98.8%,87.4%,75.1%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为3.61 mg.L-1,64.7 mg.L-1,138 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为16.4 g.m-2d-1,25.4g.m-2d-1,23.5 g.m-2d-1;滴渗布水生物砂滤池对氨氮的平均去除率分别为77.4%,71.4%,59.3%,出水氨氮平均浓度分别为66.3 mg.L-1,147 mg.L-1,225 mg.L-1,平均去除负荷分别为12.9 g.m-2d-1,20.7 g.m-2d-1,18.6 g.m-2d-1;雾化布水可以提高生物砂滤池氨氮的去除率、去除负荷,降低出水氨氮浓度;滴渗布水在进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,雾化布水进水氨氮平均浓度293 mg.L-1,513 mg.L-1的条件下,出水氨氮平均浓度可达到《畜禽...     

规模化奶牛场粪污处理及循环利用模式研究

为探索现阶段规模化奶牛场粪污处理与利用切实可行的模式,通过对大同四方高科农牧公司应用的粪污处理与循环利用模式从节约用水、环境污染、劳动力投入和运行资本等方面与常规模式进行对比分析。结果表明,与常规粪污处理模式相比,大同四方高科农牧公司粪污处理与循环利用模式年可处理粪便4.75万t,尿液2.70万t,污水0.91万t;通过污水循环利用,年节约用水2.63万t,节约开支302.7万元。因此,规模化奶牛场粪污通过固液分离后,尿液和污水通过循环利用,粪便发酵杀菌干燥后作为垫圈材料,对节约用水、改善环境污染、减少劳动力和能耗投入、降低运行成本、提高粪污资源利用效率等具有重要意义。     

马尾松人工林可燃物负荷量和燃损量的动态预测

森林可燃物是森林燃烧的物质基础,是林火行为预报的基本依据之一。基于森林燃烧和蔓延规律,选取地表层、树冠层为建模单元;利用林分因子和火环境因子,通过多元回归分析方法,建立了低山丘陵区马尾松人工林幼龄林及中龄林可燃物类型的可燃物负荷量和可燃物烧损量模型。     

Ⅳ索12型林业索道在采石场的应用

将Ⅳ索１２型索道应用于狭长工作面的采石场的石材搬运和装车作业。该索道系统中闽林７２１绞盘机的摩擦卷筒、跑车及游动滑车都进行了改装设计使其达到４倍增力起重、双向牵引，最大起重量可达９ｔ。实践表明在特殊困难地形将林业索道用于采石场作业有明显效益。