搞好钵盘育苗抛秧 持续发展水稻生产

在分析了水资源短缺、整地质量难以保证、稻区劳动力充足是影响水稻钵盘育苗抛秧技术面积继续扩大的主要因素的同时提出了充分认识抛秧技术的重要性,采取多种措施、因地因时因势制宜,稳定发展水稻钵盘育苗抛秧的具体措施。     

Forage quality of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) × Caucasian clover (T. ambiguum M. Bieb.) hybrids and their grass companion when grown over three harvest years

Interspecific hybrids between white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and Caucasian clover (Trifolium ambiguum M. Bieb.) have been developed to introgress the rhizomatous growth habit into white clover, to increase persistence and drought tolerance. The forage quality of T. repens, T. ambiguum and the backcross 1 (BC1) and backcross 2 (BC2) hybrids and companion grass, when grown in mixtures with an intermediate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under a cutting‐only management, was measured. In vitro dry‐matter digestibility (DMD), water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and crude protein (CP) concentrations of the legume and grass fractions were measured throughout the growing season over three harvest years. Trifolium repens had a lower WSC but a higher CP concentration than the perennial ryegrass companion in all harvest years and at all cuts. The legume fractions from the BC1 and BC2 hybrid plots had a higher WSC and a lower CP concentration but an in vitro DMD value comparable with white clover throughout the growing season and in each harvest year. The grass fractions from the mixtures with the backcross hybrids had a higher WSC and a lower CP concentration than the grass fraction from the T. repens plots, in all harvest years and throughout the growing season. No difference in in vitro DMD between parental species and backcross hybrids was observed. The implications of these results for the development of these hybrids and animal performance are discussed.     

Impacts of elevated atmospheric CO2 and temperature on plant community structure of a temperate grassland are modulated by cutting frequency

To determine the impacts of climate change and defoliation on the community structure and plant diversity of a semi‐natural temperate grassland, monoliths of a permanent grassland were exposed to ambient or elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (ambient + 235 ppmv) and temperature (ambient + 3°C) from October 1998 to December 2000. The monoliths were subjected to two different cutting frequencies, either two or six cuts per year. The grassland community structure changed during the course of the experiment and was more responsive to changes in management than to changes in climate. Increased cutting frequency stimulated plant diversity by enhancing the number of forb species, but plant diversity was not significantly affected by climate change. The contribution of individual plant species to the vegetation cover revealed species‐specific responses to climate change and cutting frequency, but for most species significant interactions between climate change and cutting frequency were present. There were no clear‐cut effects of treatments on the total annual yield and the proportion of forbs present, as significant interactions between climate change and cutting frequency occurred. It is concluded that differential grassland management will modify plant species‐specific responses to climate change and resulting changes in the botanical composition of mixed‐species, temperate grasslands.     

黄土高原紫花苜蓿草地土壤呼吸对刈割的响应

摘要：使用动态密闭气室红外CO2分析法（IRGA）测定黄土高原地区不同刈割时间处理的紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa）草地土壤呼吸速率日动态,分析土壤呼吸与土壤温度、大气温度和大气湿度间的关系。结果表明,CO2日排放量表现为未刈割极显著大于5月27日刈割处理（P<0.01）,不同刈割时间处理间差异不显著（P＞0.05）,说明合理刈割减少了CO2排放量。土壤呼吸速率全天最低值均出现在06:00日出前,但最大值在不同刈割时间处理中不一致。土壤呼吸和5 cm土壤温度呈指数关系,与大气温度呈一元二次函数关系,与大气相对湿度呈负线性相关关系。     

采伐对小兴安岭森林沼泽甲烷通量的影响

采伐干扰是森林湿地遭受的主要干扰类型之一。采伐引起的温度和水位条件的改变,会导致森林湿地甲烷通量发生变化。本文选择小兴安岭3种森林沼泽湿地为研究对象,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法观测它们在择伐和皆伐干扰下甲烷通量的变化,探讨采伐对天然森林沼泽甲烷通量的影响及其影响机制。结果表明:采伐前3种森林沼泽都为大气甲烷的汇(-0.19～-1.85mgm-2d-1),择伐和皆伐都导致3个类型的森林沼泽作为大气甲烷汇的功能降低(-0.22～-1.29mgm-2d-1),或者由大气甲烷的汇转变为甲烷的源(0.50～157.37mgm-2d-1)。温度和水位的共同作用导致采伐后森林沼泽甲烷通量的变化。为减少甲烷气体的排放,在有必要对森林沼泽的树木资源进行利用时,采伐方式应该尽量避免皆伐,只能进行适当的择伐。     

自吸式复合滚筒稻麦割前脱粒装置的设计

传统联合收获机的收获工艺大多是全喂入方式,采用先切割后脱粒,易造成堵塞、脱粒不净及谷粒难以分离等现象,使收获的工作效率受到一定限制,且存在机器体积大、制造成本高、功率消耗大等缺点。自吸式复合滚筒稻麦割前脱粒装置采用先脱粒后切割方式,在喂入口产生大气负压力,将稻麦穗头吸入脱粒装置内对吸入的穗头进行梳刷摘穗,摘下的穗头经过弓齿、钩齿与栅格式凹板筛进行2次梳刷与揉搓脱粒,同时穗头在随脱粒滚筒旋转时与脱粒滚筒筛表面纹理发生摩擦,进行辅助脱粒。     

N+注入对不同倍性双胚苗水稻幼苗生长及酶活性的影响

以同源四倍体双胚苗水稻品系09-04-01和相应的二倍体09-02-01为研究材料,对其不同剂量离子注入后种子电解质外渗率及幼苗生长状况和酶活性做了初步研究.结果表明:离子注入后,09-04-01种子电解质外渗率与对照相比的平均增幅低于09-02-01;09-02-01在1.0×1017N+/cm2注入剂量下幼苗生长状...     

外源rolB基因对已转Ri质粒的杨树苗期生长与光合特性的影响

为研究多拷贝rolB基因在转基因植物中的表达,对转入多拷贝rolB基因的三倍体毛白杨1年生植株进行了苗期生长、叶绿素含量及光合特性的测定.结果表明:rolB基因多拷贝株系和转Ri质粒三倍体毛白杨的苗高、节间距和地径(其中多拷贝株系863B的地径与未转基因三倍体毛白杨一样)均低于未转基因三倍体毛白杨;rolB基因多拷贝株...     

耕作方式、播深及覆土对机播套作小麦麦苗素质的影响

为了探索提高丘区套作小麦机播质量的农艺措施,本试验分别在翻耕和免耕条件下,设置了播深（2,5,8 cm）、覆土（不覆土为对照）处理对麦苗素质的影响。结果表明,3种措施中播深对麦苗素质影响最大,5 cm播深利于培育壮苗,播深2 cm时表现为出苗率、基本苗,根系活力、干物质质量及叶面积显著下降,而播深8 cm时地中茎极显著增长导致出苗率下降,单株茎蘖数、最高苗、干物质质量及叶面积极显著降低;翻耕条件下分蘖节埋得较深,促进了植株分蘖,但地中茎加长,出苗率变低;免耕条件下植株生长量大,株高和绿叶面积增大;覆土处理单株茎蘖数、最高苗及根系活力显著提高,幼苗素质较不覆土高。因此,丘区套作小麦机播配套的农艺措施应选择“免耕+播深5 cm+覆土”利于提高麦苗素质。     

入土切割对甘蔗切割过程影响的仿真试验

采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA显式动力学仿真软件及反求技术,建立甘蔗-切割器系统仿真模型,进行甘蔗材料参数反求,获得了适用于动力学仿真的甘蔗材料模型,且进行了物理试验验证;通过建立土壤-甘蔗-切割器系统的动力学仿真模型,进行动力学仿真试验,建立相关数学模型,研究了土壤的软、硬程度及切割状态对甘蔗最大切割力及切割破头的影响,结果表明,土壤的软硬程度对甘蔗的最大切割力影响小,对甘蔗轴向剪应力影响大;甘蔗两刀切断比一刀切断的最大切割力小,甘蔗入土切割比非入土切割的最大切割力大,但轴向剪应力小,甘蔗入土一刀切断的平均轴向剪应力比非入土一刀切断的小43.3%,甘蔗入土两刀切断的轴向剪应力比非入土两刀切断的小49%,入土切割是降低甘蔗切割破头的有效途径。