Cost-effectiveness of conservation strategies implemented in boreal forests: The area selection process

To protect land from commercial exploitation is a common conservation practice. However, this requires large financial resources and it is therefore important to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different strategies used in the selection of these conservation areas. In this study we compare four strategies and relate the differences in cost-effectiveness to differences in the selection process. We measure conservation benefits both as the amount of three tree structures and as the number of species in three species groups. We also estimate both the information cost associated with selecting conservation areas and the opportunity cost. We found the key habitat strategy to be the over-all most cost-effective. In this strategy, the areas have a flexible size and are selected by the authorities in a national field survey. The least cost-effective strategy was one where the selection was based only on forest classes in a satellite map. Intermediate were the retention group strategy, where small areas are left by the forest owner at harvesting, and the nature reserve strategy, where large areas are selected by the authorities. We emphasize that the differences we found are associated with the selection process and that other aspects, such as long-term survival of species, may rank the strategies differently. We conclude that the cost-effectiveness of a selection strategy depends on the size of the planning area for selection of conservation areas, the size of the conservation areas, the objective of the agent making the selection, and the amount and type of information on which the selection is based.     

离心泵平衡腔液体压力的计算与验证

针对开平衡孔双密封环叶轮离心泵的平衡腔液体压力计算问题,基于液体通过叶轮平衡孔和后密封环间隙的泄漏量相等,引入了压力系数p和比面积k2个无因特征参数,推导出了平衡腔液体压力计算模型,其关系曲线为p= f (k )的无因次曲线,并给出了待定系数 a、b 的计算方法。在3BA-6泵上,取与计算相同的叶轮平衡孔直径进行了试验验证。结果表明,在泵设计工况下平衡腔液体压力的试验与理论无因次曲线较为一致,验证了平衡腔液体压力计算模型的正确性与可行性。该研究可为开平衡孔双密封环叶轮离心泵轴向力计算提供基础理论。     

武夷山米槠种群数量动态分析

对武夷山自然保护区米槠种群数量动态进行了系统研究.结果表明,武夷山自然保护区米槠种群基本属于进展型或稳定型,幼龄级个体多,中老龄级个体少.不同海拔的种群密度存在差异,其中C种群密度最大;静态生命表显示,种群在Ⅰ、II径级时死亡率较高,随着年龄增加,死亡率逐渐降低,但到了Ⅳ、Ⅴ径级,由于生理衰老死亡率又上升;种群期望寿命在II、Ⅲ、Ⅳ径级较高,随着年龄增加,期望寿命逐渐下降;不同海拔的米槠种群的存活曲线均接近于Deevey Ⅲ型.米槠种群动态是环境因素与生物学特性共同作用的结果,其中大气湿度、光照和土壤有机质等影响较大.在武夷山自然保护区,米槠种群应该以保护为主,适当抚育的措施,促进群落持续发育.     

Simulating bimodal tall fescue growth with a degree‐day‐based process‐oriented plant model

Plant growth simulation models have a temperature response function driving development, with a base temperature and an optimum temperature defined. Such models function well when plant development rate shows a continuous change throughout the growing season. This approach becomes more complex as it is extended to cool‐season perennial grasses with a dormant period and bimodal growth curves. The objective of this study was to develop such a bimodal growth model for tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort) in the Midwest USA based on multiyear measurement trials. Functions for bimodal growth were incorporated into the ALMANAC model and applied to tall fescue using published tall fescue yields for a variety of sites and soils. Fields of cultivars “Kentucky 31” and “BarOptima Plus E34” were divided into paddocks and sampled weekly for dry‐matter accumulation. These biomass estimates were used to derive weekly growth values by differences between sequential weekly samplings. The measured values were compared to a single tall fescue simulation each year on one soil. Using these results, the ALMANAC model was modified and tested against mean reported tall fescue yields for 11 sites, with one to three soils per site. When we introduced midsummer dormancy into ALMANAC, we assumed dormancy began on the longest day of the year and lasted until the photoperiod was 0.68 hr shorter than the longest. ALMANAC simulated previously reported tall fescue yields well across the range of sites. Thus, ALMANAC shows great promise to simulate bimodal growth in this common cool‐season grass.     

散乱数据光顺拟合的SOR方法

针对CAGD中散乱数据光顺拟合的一般模型的求解问题，采用罚函数方法处理几何约束。根据最优性条件，将反映曲面光顺性的泛函极小化问题，离散化为曲面参数域网格点上的九点差分格式。得到了关于拟合曲面在网格点上函数值的线性方程组，并证明了该线性方程组的系数矩阵对称正定的性质．保证了采用超松弛法求解线性方程组的收敛性。为了验证所提出方法的有效性，对空间散乱分布的14个数据点，当模型参数取不同值时。分别进行了拟合。试验结果表明，用超松弛法能够简单快速实现散乱数据点的光顺拟合。     

九寨沟沉水杉叶藻的叶绿素荧光参数日变化研究

以来源于九寨沟芳草海、箭竹海和五花海3个湖泊的优势沉水植物杉叶藻(Hippuris vulgaris)为试材,利用Junior-PAM调制叶绿素荧光仪,在夏季对其快速光响应曲线和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)日变化动态进行测定,以揭示杉叶藻的光合特征及其与主要环境因子的关系。结果显示:3个湖泊光合有效辐射强度(PAR)日平均值之间无显著差异,五花海的水温(Tw)日平均值极显著高于芳草海和箭竹海。沉水杉叶藻的最大相对电子传递速率(r ETRmax)和半饱和光强(Ek)的日变化在箭竹海和五花海均呈双峰曲线,在芳草海呈单峰曲线;3个湖泊沉水杉叶藻光能利用效率一天中均呈早晚高、中午低的近"V"形曲线。五花海沉水杉叶藻的r ETRmax和Ek日平均值极显著高于箭竹海和芳草海,r ETRmax、Ek在箭竹海和芳草海之间无显著性差异,说明五花海沉水杉叶藻有更强的光合能力和对强光的耐受能力。3个湖泊沉水杉叶藻Fv/Fm日变化都呈"V"形曲线,五花海沉水杉叶藻Fv/Fm恢复速度大于芳草海和箭竹海。研究表明,不同的环境因子,特别是Tw,会导致沉水植物杉叶藻的叶绿素荧光参数在3个湖泊之间存在显著差异,即Tw是九寨沟沉水植物杉叶藻光合作用的主要影响因子,12℃为光合最适温度。     

基于遥感和空间洛伦茨曲线的北京市昌平区土地利用结构时空变化分析

以遥感影像为数据源,提取2000,2003和2007年三时相的昌平区土地利用信息,以高程150 m为界限划分为山地生态涵养区和平原经济发展区。分析表明,平原经济发展区土地利用结构变化主要体现为耕地向城矿居用地转化,而山地生态涵养区各组分变化并不明显。应用空间洛伦茨曲线和空间基尼系数分析揭示三时相不同土地用途的分布特征,研究发现水域和城矿居用地的空间分布在三时相最不均匀,集中于平原经济发展区,耕地和林地比较均匀,未利用地分布变化较大。7年之间耕地、林地和水域在向均匀方向发展,城矿居用地先趋于不均匀后转向均匀发展,未利用地恰好相反。     

贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线影响的研究

本研完用全面试验的方法,将贯流式风机风舌结构参数对Ψ-φ曲线的影响进行了测定,同时,通过对内部流动场的测定和分析,找出了造成影响的原因和规律,为设计和应用贯流式风机提供依据。     

Growth stage impacts tolerance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to broadcast flaming

Organic wheat producers are interested in testing propane flaming as part of an integrated weed management program for organic wheat production. Therefore, the objective of this study was to collect baseline information on winter wheat tolerance to broadcast flaming as influenced by its growth stage at the time of flaming and dose of propane. Field experiments were conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska, Concord, Nebraska in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 utilizing six doses of propane applied at four growth stages including: four leaves-4L, three tillers-3 T, shoot elongation-SE and boot stage-BS. The propane doses were 0, 12, 31, 50, 68 and 87 kg ha⁻¹ and were applied using a custom built flamer driven at a constant speed of around 6 km h⁻¹. Crop response to propane doses was described by log-logistic models based on visual estimates of crop injury, various yield components (spikes m⁻², kernels spike⁻¹ and 1000-kernel weight) and grain yield. Overall response to flaming was influenced by the growth stage of wheat and propane dose. In general, wheat at 3 T was the most tolerant and at BS was the most susceptible stage to broadcast flaming. Flaming negatively affected all yield components of wheat. Reduction of grain yield increased with increase in propane dose at each growth stage. The maximum yield losses of about 21%, 32%, 63% and 74% were obtained with the highest propane dose of 87 kg ha⁻¹ applied at 3 T, SE, 4L and BS growth stages, respectively. Due to unacceptable yield loss, the use of broadcast flaming in winter wheat at the tested growth stages is not recommended.