贵州省甘蓝型油菜主推品种的SSR遗传多样性分析(英文)

[目的]从分子水平上了解贵州省甘蓝型油菜主推品种的遗传多样性。[方法]利用国家油菜区域试验DNA指纹鉴定使用的40对SSR引物对贵州省9个甘蓝型油菜主推品种进行多态性检测,并进行聚类分析。[结果]试验共扩增出条带191个,其中多态性条带143个,多态性比率为75%。经聚类分析,9个油菜品种被分为A、B 2簇,其中A簇包含7个品种,B簇为贵州省油料研究所选育的2个品种。A簇在相似系数0.643 4处又分为A1和A2 2个亚簇,A1亚簇为贵州省油菜研究所选育的3个品种,A2亚簇为贵州省油料研究所选育4个品种。[结论]同一单位选育出的品种都有更为接近的遗传背景;在该研究所用品种中,贵州省油料研究所选育的品种遗传基础相对较广,但黔油17与黔油29的遗传相似性系数达0.87,遗传基础较为相近。     

39个牡丹品种的形态学分类研究

【目的】探究牡丹品种分类的等级和标准,进而为其品种选育和资源研究提供参考。【方法】2013-03-05,观测了39个牡丹品种的26个质量和数量性状,首先对26个性状指标进行了R型聚类分析和主成分分析,然后根据R型聚类结果,去掉相关性大的指标,再对39个牡丹品种进行了Q型聚类分析。【结果】R型聚类结果显示,花瓣基部有无色斑与色斑颜色（r=0.766）,复叶长与复叶宽（r=0.659）的相关性较大,因此Q型聚类中不考虑色斑颜色和复叶宽2个性状。主成分分析结果表明：结实率、花瓣基部色斑情况、花期、花冠情况等12个性状的贡献率较大。Q型聚类结果显示,39个牡丹品种依据结实率、花瓣基部有无色斑和花期被分为3类：结实率高且花期较早的类群,如“赵粉”、“肉芙蓉”、“迎日红”、“粉中冠”等;结实率低且花瓣基部没有色斑的类群,如“状元红”、“绿香球”、“大胡红”、“珊瑚台”等;结实率低且花瓣基部有色斑的类群,如“红宝石”、“卷叶红”、“十八号”、“菱花湛露”等。【结论】筛选出对牡丹品种分类贡献较大的13个性状,得到可以作为其形态学分类依据的性状有结实率、花瓣基部有无色斑和花期。     

燕麦品种及其与全株玉米质量比对青贮效果的影响

【目的】研究燕麦品种及其与全株玉米(Zea mays)质量比对混合青贮料营养成分及品质的影响,以筛选出青贮效果较好的燕麦品种及燕麦与玉米的最佳混合青贮模式。【方法】以3个燕麦品种白燕2号、白燕7号和白燕8号为研究对象,每个品种分别按燕麦与玉米鲜质量比0∶1,3∶7,5∶5,7∶3和1∶0混贮,共设置15个处理,常温贮存90d后开封,测定青贮饲料的营养成分和pH值、氨态氮(NH3-N)、挥发性脂肪酸(VAF)等指标。【结果】(1)白燕8号燕麦与玉米质量比为7∶3的处理粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(CA)、无氮浸出物(NFE)含量较高,水分和粗纤维(CF)含量较低,因此青贮后的营养成分最佳。(2)白燕8号燕麦与玉米质量比为3∶7的处理pH值较低(3.26),氨态氮/总氮值(NH3-N/TN)和丙酸(PA)、丁酸(BA)含量也较低,青贮品质优异。(3)从品种来看,白燕8号的青贮品质优于白燕2号和白燕7号,养分含量也比白燕2号和白燕7号略好;从混合比例来看,燕麦与玉米质量比为3∶7的处理粗纤维含量较低,粗蛋白和无氮浸出物含量较高,营养成分较好,同时该混合比例青贮料的pH值、氨态氮/总氮值和丙酸含量比燕麦与玉米质量比为5∶5、7∶3的处理低,是本试验的最优混合比例。【结论】在燕麦青贮中添加一定量的玉米进行混贮,可在一定程度上提高青贮料的营养价值和品质,其中,燕麦与玉米质量比为3∶7的处理是本试验的最优混合比例。     

Genotypic Differences in Root Hair Deformation and Subsequent Nodulation for Red Clover under Different Additions of Starter N Fertilization

Red clover cultivars, including diploid and tetraploid, are commonly used in legume‐based pasture mixtures. However, information on nodulation under different starter N regimens is limited. We hypothesized that there is genetic variability among different red clover cultivars for nodulation. A root hair deformation assay was conducted using three diploid (AC Christie, Tapani and CRS15) and three tetraploid (Tempus, CRS18 and CRS39) red clover cultivars by inoculating them with Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii. Nodulation and morphological characteristics of two selected red clover cultivars, AC Christie and Tempus, were determined under five starter N concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6 mg per plant). Inoculation with rhizobia increased root hair deformation with significant interaction across cultivars. Nodulation was delayed under high starter N concentrations, and genotypic differences were evident for days‐to‐nodule initiation. There was a positive quadratic response to starter N for AC Christie and a negative quadratic response for Tempus for nodulation. Tempus had more active nodules (92 %) than AC Christie (73 %). The genetic variability of red clover cultivars should be considered in N fixation studies and their response to availability of initial N.     

The Influence of Genotype–Environment Interaction on the Grain Yields of 10 Pigeonpea Cultivars Grown in Kenya

To study the importance of the effects of genotype–environment interactions on the yield of pigeonpea ( Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.), 10 early-maturing genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in a total of seven environments spread over five regions of Kenya between 1987 and 1988. Results indicated the presence of a substantial genotype–environment interaction effect on grain yield. The observed significant genotype–environment interaction effect is discussed in relation to its importance in pigeonpea grain yield evaluation studies. It is noted that the best genotype in one environment is not always so in other environments. Results from regression analysis indicated that this method of analysis is appropriate for describing the response of pigeonpea genotypes grown in a number of locations. Analysis of variance showed significant additive and multiplicative genotype–environment interaction effects. Only the first interaction principal component axis (IPCA) was found to be important in describing the multiplicative interaction effects. The additive main effects and multiplicative effects (AMMI) model allowed the partitioning of interaction variance into agronomically important sources (genotype groups), and the specific genotype × environment patterns that are the basis of these sources of variance were examined.     

分子标记及其在云南稻种核心种质中的应用

本文总结了分子生物学发展的各类分子标记及其在核心种质中的应用。     

The phylogenetic relationship between different Cichorium intybus cultivars and cultivar groups, as revealed by RAPDs

The phylogenetic relationship between different Cichorium intybus cultivars and cultivar groups was studied. A total of 127 random amplified polymorphic DNA markers have been used to distinguish between 51 Cichorium intybus cultivars belonging to three different cultivar groups. A principal component analysis was performed on the complete data set and a clear grouping of chicory cultivar groups was observed. The three chicory groups tested (root chicory, witloof and pain de sucre) were separated from one another in the principal component plots. The first two axes accounted for 43.9% of the total variation. Although the chicory used in traditional forcing in soil and the red chicory cultivars were related more to each other and to the chicory cultivars from the witloof group, they still formed separate groups in the principal component plot.     

Production and use of maize seed for sowing in Bolívar,Ecuador

In the province of Bolívar in the Andean region 212 farmers, six salesmen and 14 technicians, involved in maize production, were interviewed. The majority of the farmers interviewed were small-holders; 64% of the farmers had a farm size of less than 4.5 ha. Maize is the most important crop and is often grown in association with beans. Most maize, 96%, is soft maize meant for human consumption. The cultivars grown are open pollinated ones. One cultivar, ‘Guagal’, was grown extensively. A few others, among which an improved version of Guagal were of some importance. In the production of maize the farmers consider damage due to insects, wind (lodging), diseases, drought and hail, the low prices for their surplus maize and the high costs of fertilizers, chemicals, sowing seed and labour as the most important constraints. The seed for sowing the next crop mainly came from seed kept from the last harvest. Farmers indicated that they select from the harvested ears the healthy looking larger ones. Kernel type also was a selection criterion. Selection for plant type in the field was rarely done. Of the farmers 71% stored the maize as kernels while 29% stored the seed kept on the ears. The storage was predominantly done somewhere in the house in plastic (56%) or cloth bags (14%), in a pile (13%), just on the floor (4%) or in cans (4%). Some farmers still had seed left from the last sowing and were willing to give a sample for testing. From 32 such samples the quality was assessed by INIAP, the Ecuadorean governmental research and breeding organisation. The samples were consistently of a low quality. Especially the vigour of the seedlings was poor and most of the seeds were infected or contaminated by fungi. In the region a few salesmen offer maize seed for sale of cultivar Guagal at prices affordable by the farmer. Of improved cultivars the prices were higher than most farmers are willing to pay. The technicians considered good seed quality and good maintenance of the cultivars effective methods in obtaining better yields. Many farmers do not have access to seed of INIAP and are not familiar with the improved cultivars.     

利用太谷显性雄性核不育基因Tal选育小麦新品种初报

太谷雄性不育基因Tal,是小麦遗传改良极为有用的工具,利用它特别适于多亲本聚合杂交和轮回选择育种。经过几年的研究,已初步育成一批各具特色的优良新品种和新种质。通过抗赤霉病基因库建拓育成了长江8809、长江8863、TFSL037、长江8807、长江8810、长江8862等,产量比对照扬麦5号增产或相当,抗赤、抗锈性明显优于扬麦5号,对赤霉病抗扩展性达抗病(R)级,大多对白粉病、纹枯病及湿害还兼具较好抗耐性,株高80～90cm,抗性与丰产,矮秆结合较好。经复合杂交育成的长江8877(红壳)和长江8877(白壳)平均亩产400公斤左右,比扬麦5号增产100公斤左右,籽粒白皮,容重较高。通过简单杂交育成的长江8802、长江8853和长江8897,各具特异优良性状。长江8802白皮抗穗发芽,长江8853早熟优质,长江8897特早熟大穗大粒,品质好。     

Analysis of variation and interrelationships in potato germplasm

Summary As the exploitation of economic characters in potato is reaching a plateau, use of exotic germplasm offers an ideal opportunity for further improvement. Fifty-five accessions from eleven countries were studied under long and short day conditions. Wide variation was noticed for a number of phenological, morphological and tuber characters. Analysis of variation and correlations has demonstrated possibilities for using this diverse germplasm in various potato improvement programs.Abbreviations APC - Andean Primitive Cultivars - AUDPC - Area Under Disease Progress Curve - CCBL - Commerical Cultivars and Breeding Lines - LD - Long Days - SD - Short Days