Projecting the suitability of global and local habitats for myrtle rust (Austropuccinia psidii) using model consensus

Myrtle rust (caused by Austropuccinia psidii) affects more than 500 known host species in the Myrtaceae family. Three different modelling approaches (CLIMEX, MaxEnt and Multi-Model Framework) were used to project the habitat suitability for myrtle rust at both global and local scales. Current data on the global occurrence of myrtle rust were collected from online literature and expert solicitation. Long-term averages of climate data (1960–1990) were sourced from WorldClim and CliMond websites. Recent reports of myrtle rust in New Zealand were used for validation of model outputs but not in model training and testing. The model outputs were combined into a consensus model to identify localities projected to be suitable for myrtle rust according to two or three models (hotspots). In addition to the locations where the pathogen is currently present, all models successfully projected independent occurrence data in New Zealand suitable for establishment of the pathogen. Climate suitability for the pathogen was primarily related to temperature followed by rainfall in MaxEnt and the CLIMEX model. The results confirmed the optimum temperature range of this pathogen in the literature (15–25 °C). Additional analysis of the precipitation variables indicated that excessive rain (more than 2000 mm in warmest quarter of the year) combined with high temperatures (>30 °C) constrain pathogen establishment. The results of the current study can be useful for countries such as New Zealand, China, South Africa and Singapore where the pathogen has not fully spread or established.     

Regional and temporal differentiation of virulence phenotypes of Puccinia triticina from common wheat in Russia during the period 2001–2018

Leaf rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia triticina, is one of the most damaging rust diseases of wheat in Russia. Populations of P. triticina were monitored in seven regions of Russia from 2001 to 2018, with a total of 5,191 single urediniospore isolates from bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) being analysed. Populations have changed significantly in all regions since 2012, after 2 years of drought (2010–2011). Regional collections of P. triticina were also significantly different between the two periods 2001–2009 and 2012–2018, with changes along two geographic gradients from West Siberia to the north-west and south-west (North Caucasia) of the European part of Russia. All tested isolates were avirulent to resistance gene Lr9 in 2001–2009 but, since 2010, virulence to Lr9 has occurred and annually increased in the Asian part of Russia (Ural and West Siberia) due to deployment of cultivars with the Lr9 gene. Virulence to Lr2a and Lr15 was considerably lower in Dagestan (6%–33%) and all European regions (35%–67%) than in Asian regions (84%–96%). During 2001–2009, virulence on Lr1 was also lower in Dagestan (33%) and the European regions (50%–77%) than in Asia (91%–96%); however, by 2012–2018, nearly all isolates were virulent on Lr1. Remarkable changes were observed in frequencies of P. triticina races defined by their virulence/avirulence to Lr1 and Lr2a genes. We postulate the P. triticina population in Dagestan is specific to that area and pathogen populations in European and Asian parts of Russia are distinct.     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质抗条锈病评价及抗性基因分析

为明确中国不同春麦区小麦地方种质对当前小麦生产上流行的条锈病菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritic的抗性水平及其所含抗性基因,利用条锈病菌生理小种条中32（CYR32）和条中34（CYR34）及混合生理小种（致病类群）对来自5个春麦区的196份小麦地方种质进行苗期、成株期抗性鉴定,并通过6个已知条锈病抗性基因Yr9、Yr18、Yr26、Yr48、Yr65和Yr67对其所含重要抗性基因进行分子标记检测。结果显示,在苗期,有11份小麦地方种质对CYR32表现出抗性,有12份对CYR34表现出抗性,分别占供试种质总数的5.61%和6.12%;有6份对CYR32和CYR34均表现出抗性;在成株期,有59份小麦地方种质在5个田间诱导环境下表现出稳定的抗性。有119份小麦地方种质检测到含抗性基因,其中有3份携带Yr9,有50份携带Yr18,有43份携带Yr48,有54份携带Yr65,所有供试种质均未检测到Yr26和Yr67,抗性基因的组合分析发现,共有31份小麦地方种质携带4种抗性基因组合类型Yr9+Yr18、Yr18+Yr48、Yr18+Yr65和Yr48+Yr65。表明来自中国5个春麦区的小麦地方种质条锈病抗性表型呈多样性,且携带目前在小麦抗病育种和生产上有效的条锈病抗性基因（组合）,建议加大对小麦地方种质的保护和应用力度。     

环境对西府海棠锈病发生的影响与病害防治技术

西府海棠锈病是危害西府海棠的最重要病害,造成叶片枯黄、早落,影响次年的开花与结果。本研究,分析了近年来病害严重发生的环境影响因素,并提出防治技术方案。     

不同药剂拌种对小麦茎基腐病的初步研究

小麦是我国的主要粮食作物之一,由于常年秸秆还田及连作,造成小麦茎基腐病病菌有加重趋势,本文选用不同的杀菌剂进行小麦拌种,通过在小麦返青期、灌浆期、成熟期的调查,表明用6%立克秀悬浮种衣剂进行拌种防治小麦茎基腐病效果最好。     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。     

樟子松松针锈病病原菌的鉴定

1989年在黑龙江省阿城市料甸林场,用樟子松(Pinus sylvestrisvar. mongolica Litv.)松针上的春孢子向健康的黄药(Phelledendron amurenseRupr.)和紫花铁线莲(Clematis fusca var. violacea Maxim)叶片人工接种成功。用人工接种所产生的夏孢子向相同寄主植物接种后,再次发病并产生夏孢子。由此证明阿城市料甸林场樟子松松针锈病菌(Cleosporium clematidis Barcl.)的转主寄主为紫花铁线莲和黄药,病原菌种应为铁线莲鞘锈菌(Coleosporium clema(?)idis Barcl.)。