麦田泽漆生态经济阈值的研究

麦田泽漆对小麦危害造成产量损失，通过试验得到麦田泽漆密度（x）与小麦产量损失率（y）之间为双曲线关系，即：^y=x/(8.9920 0.0181x）。根据生态经济阈值的定义，建立了麦田泽漆的生态经济阈值模型，按目前淮北麦区的小麦产量、价格及除草成本、效果等，计算得出高、中、低产麦田泽漆的化学防除指标分别为30株/m^2、40株/m^2、65株m^2。     

草原蝗虫防治指标的研究

作者测定了4种蝗虫从孵化至成虫期的食量,把草原蝗虫划分为以红翅皱膝蝗、邱氏异爪蝗和狭翅雏蝗为代表的大、中、小三种食量类型,混合种群虫口密度(x)与其对牧草取食量(y)的模型为y=16.4732x。通过野外混合种群不同密度下对牧草产量损失的测定,回归式为(ŷ)=-20.8070+14.4143x±15.56(r=0.9993,F>F_0.01),两种方法计算的防治指标分别为21.7、26.2头/m²,其经济允许损失均为8.8%。大、中、小三种食料类型的防治指标分别为5.2、17.6和32.3头/m²。     

稻茬烟田杂草为害损失及经济阈值研究

对稻茬烟田杂草定点调查发现，草害参数与烟叶产量损失率呈ｙ＝Ａ＋Ｂｘ直线回归关系，并求出当地生产水平下杂草经济防除阈值模型：     

Water balance,respiration and immobilisation in relation to deltamethrin poisoning and physical conditions in the epigeal spider Oedothorax apicatus

The effect of a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, on water loss, metabolic rate and immobilisation was studied, using the epigeal spider Oedothorax apicatus (Blackwall) (Linyphiidae) as a test species. Water loss was measured gravimetrically at different temperatures, air humidities, and doses of deltamethrin. Metabolic rate and immobilisation were measured at different temperatures and doses. Immobilisation was measured at different relative humidities and temperatures. Water loss due to evaporation increased linearly with vapour pressure deficit. The slope of the latter relationship increased with temperature, indicating an increase in cuticle permeability with temperature. In addition to water loss by evaporation, deltamethrin treatment induced water excretion. This was positively related to dose and temperature, but independent of air humidity. Metabolic rate increased with temperature and dose. Immobilisation was highest at low temperatures in combination with low air humidity. The consequences of pesticide-induced water excretion are discussed with respect to field- and laboratory-based dose-effect relationships for pyrethroids presented in the literature. The present results seem to offer an explanation for hitherto unexplained minima in temperature-response curves in pyrethroid toxicity in some arthropod species. It is concluded that simultaneous measurements of metabolic rate, water-loss rate and pesticide effects are a prerequisite for an understanding of the effects of pesticides on arthropods.     

Effects of chronic obesity and weight loss on plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations in dogs

The objective of this study was to evaluate, in dogs, the effects of obesity and weight loss on plasma total ghrelin and leptin concentrations. Twenty-four Beagle dogs, 12 control lean and 12 obese dogs of both genders and aged between 1 and 9 years, were used for the experiments. Mean body weight was 12.7+/-0.7 kg for the lean group and 21.9+/-0.8 kg for the obese group. The trial was divided into three phases. During phase 1, all 24 Beagle dogs were fed a maintenance diet. During phase 2, the obese dogs were submitted to a weight loss protocol with a high protein-low energy diet. The weight loss protocol ended once dogs reached optimal body weight. During phase 3, the dogs that were submitted to the weight loss protocol were maintained at their optimal body weight for 6 months. Plasma total ghrelin, leptin, insulin and glucose concentrations were measured to evaluate the effects of obesity and weight loss on these parameters in dogs. Body weight, body condition score, thoracic and pelvic perimeters, and ingested food amounts were also recorded during the study. Obese dogs demonstrated a significant decrease in plasma ghrelin and a significant increase in plasma leptin and insulin concentrations when compared with control dogs. During weight loss, significant increases in plasma total ghrelin and glucose and significant decreases in plasma leptin and insulin were observed. The increase in plasma ghrelin concentrations seemed to be transient. Body weight and the morphometric parameters correlated positively with leptin concentrations and negatively with total ghrelin concentrations. These results suggest that ghrelin and leptin could play a role in dogs in the adaptation to a positive or negative energy balance, as observed in humans.     

Suitability of wood fiber substrate for production of vegetable transplants: I. Physical properties of wood fiber substrates

Several experiments were conducted with the objective to find suitable alternatives for peat substrates. Physical properties of wood fiber substrates in comparison to other organic substrates were examined. Volume weight, total pore space, pore size distribution, available water, container and air capacity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and volume loss of these substrates were determined. Wood fiber substrates showed a similar volume weight and total pore space as peat substrates, but lower water retention. Particularly the drainage performance of wood substrates results in a quick drainage of surplus water. An increase of volume weight caused a decrease of total pore space, air content and saturated hydraulic conductivity and an increase in water retention. Evaluation of these parameters under container conditions is critical since they are directly related to irrigation and therefore to plant growth. A compression of wood fiber substrates in the pots is recommended to minimize substrate loss. An increase of compression levels reduced the volume loss to almost 0 vol.%. The effect of wood fiber substrates and their volume weight on plant growth will be reported in a second paper.     

A multi-scaled analysis of avian response to habitat amount and fragmentation in the Canadian dry mixed-grass prairie

Previous research has suggested that ducks and songbirds may benefit from prairie landscapes that consist primarily of contiguous grasslands. However, the relative importance of landscape-level vs. local characteristics on mechanisms underlying observed patterns is unclear. We measured effects of grassland amount and fragmentation on upland and wetland songbird and duck density and nest success, and on some nest predators, across 16 landscapes in southern Alberta, Canada. We compared these landscape-level effects with local-scale responses, including distance to various edges and vegetation characteristics. We also evaluated several statistical approaches to comparing effects of habitat characteristics at multiple spatial scales. Few species were influenced by grassland amount or fragmentation. In contrast, distance to edge and local vegetation characteristics had significant effects on densities and nest success of many species. Previous studies that reported effects of landscape characteristics may have detected patterns driven by local mechanisms. As a corollary, results were very sensitive to statistical model structure; landscape level effects were much less apparent when local characteristics were included in the models.     

纹枯病对不同茭白品种产量的影响

比较茭白不同品种类型间纹枯病的发病率、危害程度及病害所致的产量损失.结果表明,一熟茭品种"蒋墅茭"的发病率、危害程度及相应的产量损失要高于二熟茭(秋茭);二熟茭中,无锡型品种要高于苏州型品种.     

油菜花露尾甲的为害及对产量的影响

１９９４～１９９６年室内和田间调查研究表明,油苛花露甲以成虫取食花器和产卵于花蕾内为害,形成典型的“秃梗”症状;以幼虫在花内食害,使角果的瘪粒数增加,产量下降基田间自然条件下,雌成虫多选择２～３ｍｍ长的蕾产卵,但在不同种油菜上有差异;在大黄芥上,８０％卵产在２～３ｍｍ长的蕾上,在门源油菜上,８０％的卵产出２．０１～３．６０ｍｍ长的蕾上,蕾长在２．４ｍｍ以下时易被产卵致死,在门源油菜的蕾期笼罩接虫试     

黄土区侵蚀对土壤内在性质的影响

通过野外调查、定位监测及室内分析方法，研究了黄土区侵蚀对土壤内在性质的影响。结果表明：土壤中＜０．０１ｍｍ颗粒流失是造成耕地土壤“粗化”、结构恶化和养分降低的主要原因；耕地土壤结构的破坏程度随坡度、侵蚀强度增大而增大，养分流失总量随坡度增大呈幂函数增大，养分减少以氮素最快。