Amino acids in grassland soils: Climatic effects on concentrations and chirality

The response of soil organic nitrogen (SON) dynamics to climate may partly be deduced from changes in the concentration and origin of the major N constituents in soil, such as amino acids. In this study, we determined the enantiomers of bound amino acids in 18 native grassland soils (0–10 cm) that were sampled along a transect from central Saskatchewan, Canada, to Southern Texas, USA. Mean annual temperature (MAT) ranged from 0.9 to 23.4 °C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) from 300 to 1308 mm. d-alanine and d-glutamic acid served as markers for the bacterial origin of SON. The d-content of lysine, phenylalanine, and aspartic acid indicated an ageing of the respective SON forms. Deuterium labeling was applied to account for hydrolysis-induced racemization reactions. We found that the concentration of the bacterial biomarkers was weakly but significantly parabolically related to MAT, as previously reported for microbial-derived amino sugars. The age markers d-lysine, d-phenylalanine, and d-aspartic acid comprised 2–15% of the respective l-form. The presence of these compounds demonstrated that the structures that contained these d-enantiomers had survived microbial attack, i.e., these hydrolyzable SON forms were conserved in soil despite a living environment. First estimates indicate that the mean residence time of the lysine-containing organic matter forms extend beyond a century. Within this time-scale we did not find that climate significantly affects the degree of ageing of SON constituents in the studied topsoils.     

磷在富营养化湖泊沉积物-水界面的循环

沉积物中部分固定的磷可通过分解或溶解作用而释放磷酸盐到沉积物间隙水中;再生的磷可能释放到上覆水体中,或在沉积物中作为一种自生相而再沉淀,或被沉积物的其它组分所吸附。本文描述了磷在沉积物-水界面的迁移过程,并对影响磷循环的因子及其磷自沉积物释放的机制作一简要概述。     

保护性耕作是防止沙尘暴发生的有效途径

由于黄土高原退耕还林工程涉及区域广阔，推进迅速，实施经验欠缺，因此目前存在科学规划、充分论证、有序推进不力，造林成活率低．科技支撑不足等不容忽视的问题。根据黄土高原退耕还林工程的现状及相关调查研究结果，谨提出建议如下：(1)明确退耕还林工程在生态建设中的正确定位；(2)增强退耕区生态环境建设与实施综合治理的政策可操作性；(3)加大配套措施实施力度，确保退耕成果不反弹；(4)国家应明确政策，支持封禁，促进植被自然恢复；(5)重视粮食的风险问题与对策。     

Grazing intensity alters soil respiration in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan plateau

Grazing intensity may alter the soil respiration rate in grassland ecosystems. The objectives of our study were to (1) determine the influence of grazing intensity on temporal variations in soil respiration of an alpine meadow on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau; and (2) characterise the temperature response of soil respiration under different grazing intensities. Diurnal and seasonal soil respiration rates were measured for two alpine meadow sites with different grazing intensities. The light grazing (LG) meadow site had a grazing intensity of 2.55 sheep ha⁻¹, while the grazing intensity of the heavy grazing (HG) meadow site, 5.35 sheep ha⁻¹, was approximately twice that of the LG site. Soil respiration measurements showed that CO₂ efflux was almost twice as great at the LG site as at the HG site during the growing season, but the diurnal and seasonal patterns of soil respiration rate were similar for the two sites. Both exhibited the highest annual soil respiration rate in mid-August and the lowest in January. Soil respiration rate was highly dependent on soil temperature. The Q₁₀ value for annual soil respiration was lower for the HG site (2.75) than for the LG site (3.22). Estimates of net ecosystem CO₂ exchange from monthly measurements of biomass and soil respiration revealed that during the period from May 1998 to April 1999, the LG site released 2040 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ to the atmosphere, which was about one third more than the 1530 g CO₂ m⁻² y⁻¹ released at the HG site. The results suggest that (1) grazing intensity alters not only soil respiration rate, but also the temperature dependence of soil CO₂ efflux; and (2) soil temperature is the major environmental factor controlling the temporal variation of soil respiration rate in the alpine meadow ecosystem.     

吴旗县退耕还林生态效益价值评估

生态效益的评价和核算对评价林业生态工程的建设效果至关重要。综合运用专家咨询、理论分析法和频度分析3种方法。建立了吴旗县退耕还林生态效益评价指标体系，使用市场价值法、影子工程法、机会成本法和替代法等方法，对该县退耕还林6年来的生态效益进行了价值核算。结果表明：吴旗县退耕还林工程具有巨大的生态效益,核算后的总生态价值约为24．8亿元，其中拦蓄保护水资源价值为6．4亿元，保护土地资源退化价值为6亿元，净化空气价值为5．3亿元，改善小气候价值0．3亿元，保护农田价值为0．02亿元．增加生物多样性价值为6．7亿元。研究结果可为黄土区退耕还林工程建设效益评价提供参考。     

Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements

Although freeze-thaw cycles can alter soil physical properties and microbial activity, their overall impact on soil functioning remains unclear. This review addresses the effects of freeze-thaw cycles on soil physical properties, microorganisms, carbon and nutrient dynamics, trace gas losses and higher organisms associated with soil. I discuss how the controlled manipulation of freeze-thaw cycles has varied widely among studies and propose that, despite their value in demonstrating the mechanisms of freeze-thaw action in soils, many studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles have used cycle amplitudes, freezing rates and minimum temperatures that are not relevant to temperature changes across much of the soil profile in situ. The lack of coordination between the timing of soil collection and the season for which freeze-thaw cycles are being simulated is also discussed. Suggested improvements to future studies of soil freeze-thaw cycles include the maintenance of realistic temperature fluctuations across the soil profile, soil collection in the appropriate season and the inclusion of relevant surface factors such as plant litter in the fall or excess water in the spring. The implications of climate change for soil freeze-thaw cycles are addressed, along with the need to directly assess how changes in soil freeze-thaw cycle dynamics alter primary production.     

Relationship between molecular characteristics of soil humic fractions and glycolytic pathway and krebs cycle in maize seedlings

A humic acid (HA) isolated from a volcanic soil was separated in three fractions of decreasing molecular size (I, II and III) by preparative high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The molecular content of the bulk soil HA and its size fractions was characterized by pyrolysis-GC-MS (thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide) and NMR spectroscopy. All soil humic materials were used to evaluate their effects on the enzymatic activities involved in glycolytic and respiratory processes of Zea mays (L.) seedlings. The elementary analyses and NMR spectra of the humic fractions indicated that the content of polar carbons (mainly carbohydrates) increased with decreasing molecular size of separated fractions. The products evolved by on-line thermochemolysis showed that the smallest size fraction (Fraction III) with the least rigid molecular conformation among the humic samples had the lowest content of lignin moieties and the largest amount of other non-lignin aromatic compounds. The bulk HA and the three humic fractions affected the enzyme activities related to glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) in different ways depending on molecular size, molecular characteristics and concentrations. The overall effectiveness of the four fractions in promoting the metabolic pathways was in the order: III>HA>II>I. The largest effect of Fraction III, either alone or incorporated into the bulk HA, was attributed to a flexible conformational structure that promoted a more efficient diffusion of bioactive humic components to maize cells. A better knowledge of the relationship between molecular structure of soil humic matter and plant activity may be of practical interest in increasing carbon fixation in plants and redirect atmospheric CO₂ into bio-fuel resources.     

混合动力城市客车运行工况参数的探讨

采用自行研制的基于汽车电控系统数据流功能的检测系统对城市客车的实际运行工况进行了测试。测量发动机转速、节气门开度、车速以及载客量并进行数理统计,结果表明城市客车的停车时间、车速、加速度、减速度、载客量等参数均符合正态分布,怠速时间占运行总时间的25.3%,加速和减速时间占69.1%,匀速时间占5.6%。混合动力城市客车针对实际运行工况采用优化的控制策略,如限制发动机怠速、减小发动机功率、改善发动机的工作状态、采用再生制动,可以明显降低燃油消耗和排放。     

产业融合与农业产业化的路径转换

近年来,伴随着数字技术的迅猛发展,不同产业的技术关联越来越紧密,跨产业企业间的大规模兼并与合作事件越来越多,产业边界逐渐变得模糊或消失,产业发展呈现出融合化趋势。农业与其他产业的融合化发展不仅拓展了农业经营理念,而且改变了农业经济的属性,使农业也具备了与其融合产业的功能和特征。大力推进农业与其他产业的融合,是实现农业产业化的新路径。     

基于SD的退耕还林典型立地优化模式研究

为研究典型立地条件下生态、经济、社会效益协调配合,综合效益最佳的退耕还林模式,推动退耕还林的可持续发展,该文以退耕还林重点工程区内蒙古自治区凉城县典型立地为研究对象,运用系统动力学等理论和方法,采取试验站点观测与入户调研集成等5个结合的技术路线,共获取原始数据10 000多个,对退耕还林的优化模式进行了系统研究. 结果表明,凉城县试验点退耕还林优化模式为山杏×沙棘×紫花苜蓿,并研究提出了其系统仿真模型、模式配套技术及模式机理.