黄河水土保持监测站点标准化建设研究——以黄委天水、西峰、绥德监测站点建设为例

从多年的小流域水土保持水沙监测实践出发,总结了近几年监测站点建设的经验.从监测站点总体结构、监测内容、监测手段与方法、监测数据管理以及站点运行管理等方面,探讨了水土保持监测站点标准化建设的有关问题.提出了现代化水土保持监测的手段、方法和监测数据管理系统的基本架构与功能,为进一步开展标准化监测站点建设提供参考.     

Beware of changes: Conservation of Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphins in disturbed habitats

1. Protecting critical habitats of the Indo‐Pacific humpback dolphin, Sousa chinensis, is a hot topic of discussion for marine biodiversity conservation in China and many Southeast Asian countries. In practice, sound habitat protection action (HPA) planning often suffers from information gaps in macroscopic habitat configurations and changes in the habitat conditions of humpback dolphins.
2. Recent publications in the journal Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems (AQC) have served to advance humpback dolphin conservation in Chinese waters by resolving such habitat configurations and indicating significant changes in distribution patterns and habitat characteristics under intense coastal anthropogenic activity.
3. We highlight an integrative research framework to investigate habitat configuration and long‐term habitat changes when planning a holistic HPA programme for humpback dolphins. When constructing habitat configuration baselines, field surveys should be designed and conducted in a systematic manner to ensure survey efforts cover diverse environments equally, in either a spatially stratified or gridded pattern, to minimize potential spatial sampling biases. Long‐term habitat changes can be revealed by comparing satellite images from different decades. Changes in habitat preferences and habitat characteristics can be explored through questionnaire surveys on local ecological knowledge, associating historical occurrences with coastline features and projecting historical habitat configuration by species distribution modelling exercises.
4. A lack of good communication and sharing of information between research and management sectors can still be an obstacle to the implementation of sound conservation practices, however, even though there is robust scientific evidence to fill knowledge gaps in distribution and habitat baselines. We have addressed the need to establish a mechanism to improve and streamline information sharing between research teams, management sectors, and stakeholder groups.

     

黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益研究

采用空间代替时间的方法,通过对黄河小浪底库区不同人工林水土保持效益浅要分析,结果表明:最大吸水率为刺槐>侧柏>20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎,凋落物储量和最大持水量均为20多年生栓皮栎>40多年生栓皮栎>侧柏>刺槐;土壤渗透性能和贮水性能变化较为复杂,侧柏林地的渗透性和贮水性能较其它林地好些,刺槐林地上下层之间变化最大。     

Mitochondrial phylogeography reveals high haplotype diversity and unique genetic lineage in Indian dugongs (Dugong dugon)

1. India plays a significant role in dugong conservation by having the largest population within South Asia. The status of dugongs in India is largely unknown due to a paucity of reliable ecological data. This study generated mitochondrial control region sequences from ~10% of dugong individuals from existing populations within India. Furthermore, data generated in this study were compared with the global data to assess genetic lineages, population structure, and genetic diversity of Indian populations.
2. Multiple analyses suggest that the Indian dugong populations are part of a single genetic cluster, comprising South Asia, North-west Indian Ocean, and South-west Indian Ocean populations. Despite small population size, they retain high genetic diversity with unique mitochondrial DNA haplotypes within South Asia. Within India, novel haplotypes are observed from all dugong habitats sampled, with overall high haplotype diversity (0.85 ± 0.04) but low nucleotide diversity (0.005 ± 0.001). Indian populations exhibit genetic differentiation with higher within-population variance (63.41%) than among populations (36.59%). Two of the haplotypes observed in India are shared with Sri Lanka, implying genetic connectivity between these populations.
3. The genetic data from Indian dugong populations provide critical insights into the identification of dugong corridors and important dugong conservation zones in India. We suggest site-specific interventions, including the creation of new marine protected areas and boundary reorganization and expansion of other existing protected areas, to ensure population connectivity. In addition, simultaneous efforts towards seagrass meadow restoration, reduction of dugong mortalities, and community participation in dugong conservation are recommended for population recovery of this threatened marine herbivore.

     

马铃薯中耕前期圆盘式中耕机设计与试验

针对现有马铃薯中耕机在第1次中耕作业时存在作业效果不佳、易伤苗的问题,对圆盘式马铃薯中耕机进行设计与试验。阐述了该机的工作原理,通过理论计算对其关键部件进行设计,根据农艺培土、除草等作业要求,确定了圆盘式马铃薯中耕机主要结构参数和作业参数;采用单因素和二次旋转正交组合试验,以耕作深度、机车前进速度、调节角为试验因素,以除草率及伤苗率为试验指标进行了样机试验。试验结果表明,当耕作深度为0.13 m、机车前进速度为4.6 km/h、调节角为52°时,除草率为95.2%,伤苗率为3.9%,满足国家标准伤苗率不大于5%、除草率不小于90%的要求。     

Research advances in genetics and breeding ofpopulus davidiana dode in China

In this paper a general introduction is given to research advances in genetics improvement and breeding of Chinese aspen (Populus davidiana Dode) in China. This introduction includes natural distribution and collection, conservation, gene diversity, provenance trial, crossing breeding, vegetative propagation and disease resistant etc. Based on the current situation of forest tree breeding in China, some strategic suggestions concerning the future development of Chinese aspen genetics improvement in China are presented, taking into consideration the existing domestic demands of forestry production and international trends in forest tree breeding. Responsible Editor: Chai Ruihai     

太湖鸡资源群体遗传变异的检测

应用微卫星标记对江苏省无锡市祖代鸡场有限公司太湖鸡的保种群体进行了遗传变异的分析,计算了群体的杂和度(H)和多态信息含量(PIC)。研究结果表明:30个微卫星标记在太湖鸡保种群体的杂和度为0.504～0.858之间,平均杂和度为0.688,群体的遗传多样性丰富;其中24个微卫星标记在太湖鸡中多态信息含量为高度多态,可作为有效遗传标记用于太湖鸡保种群的遗传分析,而且各座位杂和度的高低与PIC值的大小体现了较高的一致性。本研究结果为太湖鸡开发利用研究提供了基础,也为太湖鸡的合理保护提供了科学根据。     

Traditional conservation of vegetable cowpea in Nigeria

The vegetable cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. ssp. unguiculata, is cultivated for its fresh pods and leaves in the derived savanna and forest belts of southeastern Nigeria. Nigerian material of this cowpea type with its diverse range of characteristics, is an important resource for improvement of cowpeas. The conservation and maintenance of this useful legume amidst the new varieties released yearly from research stations and seed companies have been accomplished through indigenous traditional methods. These methods have been discussed.     

黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤入渗分布规律的研究

通过野外土壤入渗试验，分析了３种入渗公式中参数在该流域不同地貌特征与不同土地利用条件下的变化规律，探讨了不同地貌耕作措施，初始土地壤含水率，积水深度等因素对土壤入渗的影响。